How the Black death of 1348, affected all aspects of society in England.

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How the Black death of 1348, affected all aspects of society in England.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How the Black death of 1348, affected all aspects of society in England. paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How the Black death of 1348, affected all aspects of society in England., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How the Black death of 1348, affected all aspects of society in England. paper at affordable prices! The Black Death arrived in England in August 148 and only petered out in 150, until there were further outeaks in 161. The plague wasought on by fleas, transmitted by rats and could be caught either by direct contact with a flea, or by airborne droplets of saliva coughed up by infected humans. Thisought the overall death toll to around half the population of England, which had stood at four or five million, and it was not selective of social status, religion or age. The Black Death caused an upheaval in the main religion of the day and the lives of the ruling class and peasants were altered indefinitely. The society of England prior to the Black Death was never revisited. "The Black Death speeded up the process of social stratification and drew a sharper distinction between country and parish gentry."

In the era before the Black Death religion played a very important part in peoples lives. Everyone (rich and poor alike) was expected to attend church regularly and had to pay a tax of one tenth of their goods to the Church. The priest was usually the most knowledgeable person in a village and people looked to him to explain things they did not understand. He was also the person to whom they confided in and confessed their sins and it was vital that he was called upon to give the last rites before someone died. Priests and other church leaders taught that the power of the nobility and the poverty of the peasants was part of Gods plan. As long as people accepted their station in life and did what was expected of them, they were assured of an eternal life in heaven. For such eternal happiness, peasants were willing to accept their short, wretched lives on earth.

With the onset of the Black Death many questions concerning the church arose. The church said that the Black Death was Gods will, although the reason for this horrific punishment was unknown. One of the worst aspects of this disease in Christians minds was that people died without last rites and without having a chance to confess their sins. As a result people were allowed to confess their sins to one another or even to a layman, and, if a man is not at hand then to a woman. This was something that would never have been tolerated before the plague.

Many priests died, or fled from their posts and finding quality replacements proved difficult. Priests played an important role in blessing the sick and so as a result thousands of new, inexperienced, unreliable, and sometimes corrupt priests were ordained as replacements, as is written, "priests cannot be found who are willing out of zeal [and] devotion". Filling church offices with the young or incompetent was not a practice that began with the plague, but it did intensify during the pestilenceChristianity remained a dominant force in their lives, but many people began to believe they did not need clergy to lead them to salvation but rather that it was possible for them to have an individual relationship with God. People began to undertake a variety of good works that required no involvement of priests, such as giving money to hospitals or poor monasteries, and even going on pilgrimages. It also became common for people to pick out a special saint known as a plague saint, to pray to for protection. The sacramental wafer was taken as often as possible, instead of the old prescribed minimum communion of once a year.

Just as some people turned to religion, others turned away from it, denouncing God for doing such a terrible thing as sending the plague into the world. Many people became worshipers of Lucifer, calling themselves Lucifereans, and praying to him for help against God.

Although the church suffered an enormous loss of prestige during the Black Death, the majority of people remained deeply tied to Christianity and were more thirsty than ever for spiritual values in an uncertain and frightening world. The impact that the Black Death had on the church essentially helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.

Prior to the Black Death the dominance of the nobility over the peasants was an acceptable practice. Most of the peasants were owned and dictated to by powerful landlords. They could not question their masters authority and were expected to obey his every command. This they believed was the rightful thing to do in order to gain salvation into the kingdom of God.

Although there was this clear distinction of classes the Black Death did not adhere to this principle and the lives of both classes were deeply affected. The Black Death took the lives of many, no matter of ones status, sex or age.

The peasants who survived the Black Death believed that there was something special about them, almost as if God had protected them. Therefore, they took the opportunity offered by the disease to improve their lifestyle.

Many lords were short of desperately needed labour for the land they owned, as many of their labourers had died from the Black Death. Lords actively encouraged peasants to leave the village where they had lived to come to work for them. When peasants did this, the Lord refused to return them to their original villages. For the first time the peasants began to realise that they were a necessary commodity in order to sustain the lives of the rich. They took advantage of this and it is written, "the labourer is angry unless he gets higher wages, and he curses the day that he was ever born a workman" which resulted in greater prosperity. This meant that they also enjoyed a higher standard of living and security of employment.

To curb peasants roaming around the countryside looking for better pay, the government introduced the Statute of Labourers in 151, which basically stated that they were to be paid no more than what they had been paid in 146, and they could not leave the village they belonged to. This angered many peasants, and the final straw was when an unfair poll tax was imposed on peasants which meant that every individual peasant was required to pay the same amount as the wealthy landlord paid. They displayed their anger by rioting in the city of London. They looted, killed, destroyed and burned property. William Dene wrote, "All the labourers, skilled or unskilled, were so carried away by the spirit of revolt." Finally the king agreed to meet with them and he granted them what they wanted. Therefore, it can be argued that the Black Death led to the peasants revolt. The rebels had made some permanent gains, which altered their lives for the better the poll tax was eliminated, and no more laws were passed to cap wages or limit the peasants movements. This meant that the peasants enjoyed a greater sense of freedom after the Black Death.

These new rules that were established after the Black Death made the lives of the peasants fairer, and caused them to have a more worthwhile role in society. However, the impact of the Black Death on the lives of the ruling class was not as beneficial, and their world was turned upside down. Although they still had plenty of land, they suddenly had a difficult time finding enough peasants to work on it. This shifted their attitude, and rather than being interested in getting promises of loyalty or obedience, they were more interested in getting money for their land by either renting or selling it. In England the nobility faced a major reduction in income, as they were said to have fallen below twenty percent between 147 and 15.

The aristocracy depended on their offspring to continue looking after their land but this too became a severe problem because not many of their children survived the Black Death and so the land that had been in the family for many generations now had to be rented or sold.

It is therefore fair to conclude that the lives of both the rich and poor and the role that the church played in their lives was indefinitely altered due to the devastationought on by the Black Death in England during the time between 148 and 14. This is clearly illustrated in the fresco called "The Dance of Death." .Although the church continued to hold an important role in the lives of the people, the Black Death caused them to realise that the church was not as infallible as it had always made itself out to be. This caused the people to explore new ways of finding salvation. For the first time in years the peasants began to question their downtrodden existence and the Black Death gave them the opportunity toeak free from their oppressive circumstances. John Ball wrote, "things cannot go on well in England, nor ever will until everything shall be in common…and all distinctions levelled."6This in turn affected the lives of the nobles who had grown familiar with the dominating role that they had played in the English society. Although the plague caused immense suffering it alsooke down the harsh and often inhumane feudal structure and allowed society as a whole to progress forward to a better future.

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Present

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Present. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Present paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Present, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Present paper at affordable prices! My philosophy professor once lectured for an entire three-hour block on how there really isnt a present. I distinctly remember how I felt that day after class. For a small period of time, I was acutely aware that all experience--absolutely everything, was divided between the past and the future. For me, the present no more existed. I cant quite remember how long I remained mesmerized (dumbfounded might be a better word) by the possibility of an absence of the present�truthfully, it was probably only minutes. Regardless, I know that during whatever time span my mesmerized state lasted, I felt somehow changed by it.

Fast-forward ten years to my "present." I am divorced, have children, and am fighting and groping for some sort of reassurance that the "present" does indeed exist. The past summer my oldest child was baptized. Along with the excitement and feelings of pride, I was confused that I felt surprise and disbelief that it was really time for Sierra to be baptized. The moment I saw her standing next to her grandfather, dressed in white, I became engulfed in the realization that, Sierras entire 8 years of life ran together into a big blob known as the "past," and her "future" was racing ahead of me so far, and at such velocity, that I had no hope of catching it. Catching it is exactly what I wanted.

Catching what? The "present," of course. 8 years have flown by, and I dont feel any older than the day the nurse placed her in my arms. The time from birth to baptism is really just a blink of time. Her first year of life, the funny toddler years, learning to read�all are etched in my memory as if they were happening right now, but so long ago. Sierras baptism reminded me of my philosophy professor. Yes, there is a past�yes, there is a future. The present? Ive decided it will exist in my children.

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Tuberculosis

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Tuberculosis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Tuberculosis paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Tuberculosis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Tuberculosis paper at affordable prices!

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The HIV virus infects cells of the immune system. Your immune system is what protects you from infections and disease. HIV uses cells of your immune system to grow. When HIV has used one of these cells to grow, the cell can no longer do its job, leaving your body without a part of its immune system. Pieces of the HIV virus go all over the body.

If your body is making antibodies to HIV, this means youve been infected with the virus. Once youve tested positive for the antibodies to HIV, you will always test positive.

Each day, HIV creates billions of new HIV viruses in the body. The bodys natural reaction to infection is to produce a strong response. But HIV takes every chance it gets to produce faster than the body can attack it. Eventually, in most people, the virus can get the upper hand unless treatments stop it or slow it down. At this point, we know there are several treatments that can slow the infection down. We also know that a handful of people are able to fight off the virus. Doctors agree that HIV infection needs to be treated so that you dont get sick, or sicker.

With HIV infection, your immune system may slowly get weaker or may become overactive. Either way, your immune system is out of balance. HIV starts a process that can be very hard to stop once it starts. With a weakened immune system, you can more easily get infections and cancers. You may not see any signs of these at first. Doctors can use blood tests to see how your immune system is doing. These tests can tell you and your doctor if there are treatments you need to help keep you from getting infections that can make you very sick.

You dont have AIDS as soon as youre infected with HIV. The disease process takes a while, around 10 years on average. The process goes from being HIV+ without any symptoms or signs of disease to being HIV+ with symptoms to having AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Immune deficiency means that HIV has damaged your immune system. A damaged immune system cant protect you from infections as well as a healthy immune system.

Many doctors use your CD4 cells to measure the current status of your immune system. CD4 cells are cells that help control infection. The normal range for CD4 cells is usually 500-1600 cells. For many people whose CD4 cells fall below 00, the risk increases of getting certain infections.

HIV is a kind of virus called a retrovirus. It uses the cells in your body to make more viruses. Drugs that fight HIV are known as antiretrovirals. There are three main types of antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral drugs are now being used in combinations that have been shown to dramatically reduce the amount of HIV in the body

An example of the Life Cycle of particular Retrovirus -

Example of HIV Transmission

Several factors appear to affect vertical HIV-1 transmission, dependent mainly on characteristics of the mother (extent of immunodeficiency, co-infections, risk behavior, nutritional status, immune response, genetical make-up), but also of the virus possibly, of the child. This complex situation is compounded by the fact that the virus may have the whole gestation period, apart from variable periods between memane rupture and birth and theeast-feeding period, to pass from the mother to the infant. It seems probable that an extensive interplay of all factors occurs, and that some factors may be more important during specific periods and other factors in other periods. Factors predominant in protection against in utero transmission may be less important for peri-natal transmission, and probably quite different from those that predominantly affects transmission by mothers milk. For instance, cytotoxic T lymphocytes will probably be unable to exert any effect duringeast-feeding, while neutralizing antibodies will be unable to protect transmission by HIV transmitted through infected cells. Furthermore, some responses may be capable of controlling transmission of determined virus types, while being inadequate for controlling others. As occurrence of mixed infections and recombination of HIV-1 types is a known fact, it does not appear possible to prevent vertical HIV-1 transmission by reinforcing just one of the factors, and probably a general strategy including all known factors must be used.

Please note that this sample paper on Tuberculosis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tuberculosis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Tuberculosis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Remuneration

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Remuneration. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Remuneration paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Remuneration, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Remuneration paper at affordable prices! Abstract

The real wage of the average worker in the United States has fallen 1 percent in the last 0 years, while the average chief executive officer (CEO) has received a pay raise of over 00 percent (Crystal, 11). This glaring contrast has sparked an explosion in academic research on executive compensation. The argument that Crystal (11) proposed, ¡°just about all of the rational factors you can think of, taken together, don¡¯t play a big role in determining executive pay¡±, is dominant in this medium. Despite this fact, research on executive paychecks has continued to grow as the literature is truly interdisciplinary across the fields of economics, finance and accounting, industrial relations, organizational behavior and strategy (Murphy 1).

Labour economists have drawn upon many conclusions on executive remuneration from a large theoretical and empirical interdisciplinary literature. They argued that executive remuneration offers opportunities to analyze many concepts of the economics of managerial labor market. Hence, in this essay I am going to explore these opportunities by looking at the functioning market in the captioned perspective.

The managerial labor market, which contains a range of firms that are with managerial jog openings and a range of potential managers who have different human capital characteristics, has two sides. On the one hand, the demand side, which is made up of employees who produce goods and services, and employers who purchase executive effort, concerns paid managerial labor as a function of the latter¡¯s pay and productivity. On the other hand, the supply side composes executives who are assumed to switch firms according to the characteristics of the firm and the salary. By understanding the two sides and the disciplining effect of the managerial labor markets, firms can identify the market forces that determine the optimal executive remuneration contracts so as to maximize firm value (Fama 180, Fama & Jensen 18). The use of such knowledge align with the understanding of managerial behavior with owners¡¯ interests can help firms to choose corporate policies that best signal their own value to the labor market such as CEO remuneration. Since one of the most important objectives of firms is to maximize their value, executives are disciplined into undertaking strategies preferred by the stockholders that maximize the firm¡¯s stock price (Fama 180). Hence, suggesting the major functioning of managerial labor market are to determine the rational level and structure of remuneration package and to reflect the managerial labor market¡¯s control of executives¡¯ behavior to maximize firm value. Cheap essay writing services offer help on Remuneration Despite the fact that executive remuneration schemes across firms and industries are substantially heterogeneous and complex, it can boiled down to four basic elements a base salary, bonus, stock options and long term incentive plans. I will examine these in turns. First, base salary for executives is a key component of the pay package. It represents the ¡° fixed component¡± in executive contracts. Second, bonus is paid annually based on accounting profit, budget, prior-year performance or incentive zone. Third, stock options are agreements that the executive may purchase from the firm at any time within a stated period or a given number of shares of its stock at a price specified on the date of granting (Easton & Rosen 18). This, with regards to political, economic, mechanical and behavioral factors, has made it the most pronounced method in executive remuneration in the last two decade (Murphy 1). This is because it relates the executive¡¯s income most directly to the concern of shareholders, i.e. the value of the firm. Finally, the long- term incentive plan, which is based on rolling ¨C average -or-5-year cumulative performance.

As I have stated before, the major function of the managerial labor market is to set a rational level and structure of the executive remuneration package so to maximize the firm¡¯s value, i.e. the executive remuneration reflects the managerial labor market¡¯s control of executives¡¯ behavior to maximize firm value. Hence, making the relationship between executive remuneration and company¡¯s performance the fundamental concern.

In order to understand this concern, we have to examine the agency theory as it is the principal theory guiding research on the pay-performance relationship (Berstein 17; Crystal, 15; Lowenstein 16; Gomez-Mejia 14; Gomez-Mejia and Wiseman 17; Fama & Jensen 18; Jensen & Meckling 176).

Agency theory states that many social relationships can be best understood as interactions between two parties principal and an agent. The agent performs certain actions on behalf of the principal, who must delegate some authority to the agent (Jesen and Mecking, 176). By examining the theory, firms can be in a better position when dealing with contract problems that are governed by an exchange between individuals who have divergent interests.

Typical organization in most western countries, which has a corporate structure with thousands or millions of owners, each having a small claim on the firm, can be used to make a clear illustration of the above. Shareholders of the organization are widely dispersed, delegating responsibility to running the business to hired executives. Given their limited control over corporate affairs and executive¡¯s limited stake in the firm¡¯s equity and risk, executive is expected to engage in behavior that promotes their personal wealth, perquisite consumption, job security and prestige but is detrimental to stockholders¡¯ interest in maximizing the value of the firm (Jesen & Mecking 176). The literature on agency theory has suggested that the optimal solution to goal incongruent is to have remuneration contracts that link executive remuneration to the performance of the firm. Hence, through the executive¡¯s holdings of stock, restricted stock, and stock options, an executive remuneration is explicitly tied to the principle¡¯s objective, i.e. the executive wealth is implicitly tied to the stock-price performance through accounting-based bonus and option (Murphy, 1). This in turns suggests that the performance-based remuneration will induce self-interested, utility-maximizing, risk-and-effort-averse agents to act on the behalf of principals who want to increase the value and performance of their firms (Eisenhardt 18; Jesen & Mecking 176). This view, however, has failed to find supportive evidence of such positive relationship (Jesen & Murphy 10; Kerr & Bettis 187; Mceachern 175; Rich & Larson 184). These researchers have claimed that the relationship between executive remuneration and firm performance is either nonexistent or is of a very weak nature, that is, remuneration is significantly unrelated to the firm¡¯s performance (Crystal 11) or if related, then only related to the short-term performance (Rapport 178). In contrast, some studies claim that the executive remuneration is more closely related to the firm¡¯s size than to the firm¡¯s profits (McGuire 16). Therefore this inconclusive effect of executive remuneration on the functioning of managerial labor market hasought a great puzzle to the researchers.

Therefore, to understand the functioning of managerial labour market, alternate mechanisms and criteria outside the agency framework are examined. These mechanisms include marginal productivity theory, internal and external market theory, board control theory, information-processing theory and social comparison theory, will be examined in turns.

Marginal productivity theory views the managerial labor market as perfectly competitive, that is there are a large number of individual, perfectly informed buyers and sellers of homogeneous executives. Hence, remuneration, viewed as the price of labor, is seen as being determined by the intersection of labor demand and supply curves in the market. Firm maximizes its profits in the short run by employing executives up to the point where the executive remuneration equals executive¡¯s marginal revenue product (MRP). It equals to executive¡¯s marginal physical product (MPP) multiplied by marginal revenue (MR). According to economists, executives are assumed to be highly mobile and fully informed and would supply their labor service to the highest bidder. Executive supply and demand are quicklyought into a state of equiliium through executives moving from one firm to another in response to opportunities to obtain higher earnings. Thus, by looking at the profit-maximizing firm¡¯s short-run demand curve for executives, which is the schedule of its marginal revenue product, executive remuneration can be determined by the value of his contribution to the firm.

Another influential theory regarding the internal and external managerial labor market of executive pay is made by Fama (180). He argued that the external labor market exerts many direct pressures on the firm to sort and compensate executives according to performance. Hence, there is a natural process of monitoring from higher to lower levels of management, i.e. each executive is concerned with the performance of executive above and below him since his marginal product is likely to be positive of their. This leads to a careful consideration of the mechanics, which the potential executives used to seek information about the responsiveness of the system in rewarding performance. Thus this market mechanism ensures the rights of shareholders and the rights of the top management are respected.

The third theory views the board as the legal representative and formal guardian of stockholders¡¯ interests, i.e. the board members have the task to oversee and ratify managements¡¯ decisions and to evaluate reward and sanction executives¡¯ performance (Bacon &own, 175). Research has focused on twooad factors, executive duality and the proportion of outsiders on a board in evaluating the influence the board exerts in setting executive pay. Finkelstein and Hamick (18) found no evidence of a relationship between executive remuneration the percentage shareholdings of outside directors. Furthermore, Boyd (14) found that ¡° contrary to expectations, the ratio of insiders was negatively associated with compensation¡±. Other work has also shown that the proportion of outside directors appointed to a board by its executive has a positive effect on executive remuneration (Main, 14). This theory also suggests that there is a threat of board actions and termination in response to observed managerial inefficiency or opportunism, which is likely to impel executives to refrain from behavior that is in conflict with stockholders¡¯ interests. Thus the characteristics of the board such as its structure and its effectiveness are key determinants on the executive remuneration and the sensitivity of the relationship between remuneration and performance.

Information-processing theory is very important when contributing on the recent work on executive remuneration as it focuses on the substantive nature of the job performed by executives on the social and political context of their pay. There are several reasons for expecting the remuneration of executive is in accordance to the information processing demands they face instead of the firm¡¯s performance. First, information-processing tasks are a major part of executive¡¯s jobs and the execution of such tasks is critical to organizational functioning and performance (Eisenhardt 18; Galaith 17; Halrblian & Finkelstein 1; Minzberg 17; Thompson 167). Second, executives¡¯ jobs vary considerably in the information-processing demands they create. The common theme of such research is around those demands that are significantly affected by three firm-level factors (1) the number and interdependence of a firm¡¯s business activities. () the technologies the firm employs and ( ) the management used to administrate the firm (Chandler 16; Dafe & Lengel 186; Galaith 17; Gresov 18; Hill & Hoskisson 187; Jones & Hill 188). This theory, therefore, shows that executives who face particularly high information-processing demands due to the diversification approach to technology their firms adapted will be expected to be paid more, as their ability to cope with these demands allow them to make larger marginal contributions to firm performance (Henderson & Fredrickson 16). In an informational efficient executive labor market, it is unrealistic to expect changes in executive pay to be closely related to firm performance measure, i.e. it has a low sensitivity of pay-for-performance.

Finally, the use of social comparison theory provides us an understanding of socio-psychological explanation of remuneration. This theory is based on the remise that individuals have the need to evaluate their opinions and abilities. They compare with others who have similar abilities and opinions. In the case of managerial labor market, the implication is that the remuneration committee will set the pay of executives who are perceived to be slightly better by striking a balance between providing financial incentives to executives to improve firm performance and avoiding a binding ¡°participation constraint¡± (Smith & Stnabsju 15). That is to ensure that executives remain loyal to firms by offering levels of pay comparable to the external labor market alternatives.

So far, I have discussed what factors determine the executive remuneration and how they effect on the firm¡¯s performance from the economics, psychological and sociological perspectives. However, these are not sufficient enough to understand the functioning of the managerial labour market fully. Recent work, perhaps responding to the difficulties with traditional economies-based research on remuneration, has begun to move beyond established frameworks and suggests some new factors that may influence the remuneration-setting process. Managerial discretion, efficient wages model, tournament models (Lazer & Rosen 181; Rosen 186), resource dependence theory etc are some examples of paradigms that explain executive pay, which have moved the stream of research on executive remuneration forward greatly.

To sum up, research on executive compensation has a long history. Much of this work has adopted the economics perspective, which views social, political or strategic factors as the determinants of executive pay. In this essay, I have tried to explore the functioning of managerial labor market based on the existing comprehensive theoretical and empirical literature on executive remuneration. My conclusion is that although the pay for performance is consistent with agency theory, the relationship between executive remuneration and performance is more complex than the empirical research has presumed. Since the extent to which the functioning of managerial labor market is effected by the executive remuneration is still inconclusive, aoader perspective should be adopted by firms in order to have a better understanding of the functioning of managerial labor market from the executive remuneration stand.

Please note that this sample paper on Remuneration is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Remuneration, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Remuneration will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE.

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. paper at affordable prices! The political socialization of individuals influences their political culture, which in turn affect their political behavior. Political participation is one aspect of political behavior that is of great importance to politicians because of its potential impact on overall voter turnout, societal satisfaction and ultimately the win or loss of an election. For centuries, citizens of democratic societies have participated in the political affairs of their country. This participation has in more recent years however varied from conventional to more unconventional methods.

Political socialization as defined by Dr. Trevor Munroe is "the ways and means through which our views about politics, and our values in relation to politics are formed." Although not consciously obvious, there are agents that are identified as actively involved during political socialization. The primary agents, the family and peer groups, are characterized by their direct influence and unstructured or informal nature. The family is considered primary because at this level, individuals are first exposed to and taught the basic norms, values and ideas that are similar to their parents/guardians. During political discussions at home, the political identity of parents would possibly be transferred from the adults to the children. Peer groups are also thought to be primary despite not being the first agent to create an impression. Children form alliances from an early age and information is exchanged constantly. Evidence of the power of peer groups are apparent within many societies and may arguably be a direct result of economic constrains or the growth of idealisms such as feminism that have changed the roles of women. Where the family falls short, peer groups pick up the slack. The secondary agents of political socialization are very structured and formal. Examples of these are the mass media, the educational system, political parties and religious institutions. These agents indirectly impact the behavior of individuals and their attitudes towards authority; nevertheless, their effectiveness cannot be overlooked. In Jamaica for example, during designated election campaign periods, the two major parties have traditionally been associated with specific colors and symbols for identifying support for either. Party supporters loyally endorsed their support by wearing the chosen colors (red for socialists, green for the laborites) and by public display of hand symbols (fist for socialists, two finger V sign for laborites).

During political socialization, the political culture of a country, society or community is transferred and developed within individuals. For example, the child in Cuba who is nurtured with pro Fidel Castro teachings and positive attitudes toward their country will, if all things remain equal, be patriotic to his country and its development. Cubans who have tried and been trying to escape by boats have most likely been influenced by western propaganda. Most Cubans who still live in Cuba under the Castro regime, are very happy and satisfied with their way of life. There are three distinct types of political culture that may exist within any given society. The participatory �very active citizens, subjective more passive persons, or parochial citizens more concerned with their personal and immediate surrounds. Most countries are indicative of a combination of parochial and participatory. The four major factors that influence changes in political culture are firstly, information accessibility and availability. With the advancements in technology within the last century, computers have become more affordable, Internet access has increased globalization possibilities and the media now have larger volumes of readers and listeners. Secondly, a change in the governments performance will influence the level of importance that the public attaches to politics. The correlation between public confidence and governments ability to provide satisfactorily for their people is undeniable. Thirdly a change in the political regime or the definition of the state also affects citizens political culture. When Jamaica became independent in 16, the countrys political culture changed. Lastly, and possibly most powerful is, a change in the economic structure of a society can strongly affect the political culture. During the existence of the USSR, their economy was extremely strong and prices remained constant for 40 years. The changes in the economy after reformation greatly changed their political culture.

Political participation can take the form of conventional methods, for example voting or signing petitions, the more unconventional avenues of boycotts, street demonstrations. Voting as an avenue of political participation appears to be declining as a choice for Jamaicans. Voter turnout has fallen from a high of 86% in 176 to a record low of 67% in 17. More increasingly citizens appear to be losing confidence in the political system, which has failed to solve problems of unemployment, crime and a stagnant economy. Another reason for the decline of voting, as an option is that general elections are held every 4 years, citizens are therefore not left with many other ways of having policies affected or their voices heard. After citizens have tried to more passive approaches of demonstrating and gotten no results, experience has shown that after blocking the roads, results have been more forthcoming. It is logical to deduce that people demonstrate because they are so motivated by various frustrations.Jamaica

In Jamaica, between 186 and 11, the number of roadblock increased form to 4. By 17, there was an increase of 165 more roadblocks, approximately 4% Renewing Democracy into the Millennium, Dr. Trevor Munroe. Demonstrating in the street is not altogether illegal or necessarily discouraged. According to the constitution, citizens have the right to demonstrate as an extension of democratic process, provided the activities remain within the limits of the law. . Interest groups such as Amnesty International and Jamaicans for Justice have had demonstrations that increased public awareness and caused effective changes. In April 1, in response to an increase in gas prices Jamaica was rocked by island wide demonstrations that left the nations commerce, educational system, tourism sector, public transportation and average citizens virtually crippled for three days. The domino effect of which, is loss in overall revenue and economic growth for Jamaica. It is arguable that a favorable response was received from blocking the roads and locking down the country. The initial price hikes were removed immediately; violent street demonstrations had resulted in a policy change. Within a month however, the price of gasoline returned to the original increased amount. In the long run, many Jamaicans who partook in the demonstrations were unaware of the price change until it was too late. The country then had to work even harder to regain its economic footing. The damage to the streets, buildings, vehicles and other assets are now born by the taxpayer. A positive result of the street demonstration was that their voices were heard. President of the Private Sector Association of Jamaica (PSOJ) Peter Moses was named chairman of theoad-based committee constituted by Prime Minister P.J Patterson to examine the gas price hike and recommend adjustments. Although the desired effect of a reduction in the price hike was not authorized, it should be noted that an alternative avenue of participation was created, the committee heard from and responded to suggestions made by concerned citizens.

Guyana

In Guyana, ethnical politics has traditionally overpowered ideological politics. Recent street demonstrations by the minority party Peoples National Congress (PNC), aimed at forcing President Bharrat Jagdeo to step down have become destructive. In January 001, hundreds of Indo Guyanese were robbed and beaten, some 400 protesters chanting PNC slogans took part in an illegal demonstration over election issues and police used tear gas to disperse them. The hostile demonstrations continued and the ruling party Peoples Progressive Party has remained in power. Even more recently, during the launch of rd Summit of Caricom, an anti-government demonstration of approximately 1000 persons resulted in the shooting death of two by police. While not turning a blind eye to the demonstrations or the root of the problem, the PNC representatives have been urged to take up their seats in Parliament in a bid amicable restore peace to the country. Then President, Janet Jagan was quoted "We as citizens have to help in every way, and I hope we can get back to a normal society where people can talk to one another; where people can raise their issues in parliament, where people can go to the courts for justice, but not on the streets,"

Trinidad

In November 18, media reporters from Trinidad march to protest the physical abuse they sustained form a crowd that was allegedly incited to abuse them by then Prime Minister Basdeo Panday. He publicly declared war on journalists and accused them of being anti United National Congress (UNC). Titled March for Democracy, the protest was not only in the form of street demonstration, but included a proposed boycott from the reporting of government matters, an open letter to Prime Minister Panday, a joint lawsuit and the picketing of Parliament. As a result of their protest, journalist were given police protection at the next UNC meeting three weeks later and offered empathy by other UNC members for the attacks on them.

East Timor

The United Nations General Assembly placed East Timor on the international agenda in 160 when it added the territory to its list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. In 174 while still under the rule of Portugal, what started as street demonstrations led to the outeak of a civil war between those who favored independence and those who advocated integration with Indonesia; An example of the citizens political culture changing due to changes in political regime. Unable to control the situation, Portugal withdrew from East Timor. Indonesia intervened militarily and later integrated East Timor as its 7th province. The United Nations disapproved of this integration and called for Indonesias withdrawal. After several attempt at pacifying the situation, war once againoke out and many East Timorese were killed with as many as 500,000 displaced from their homes. In October 1, the Security Council by resolution 17 established the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), as an integrated, multi-dimensional peacekeeping operation fully responsible for the administration of East Timor during its transition to independence. East Timor is now on the road to rebuilding an even stronger economy with the assistance of the United Nations but many lives were lost and families torn apart before a change was made.

CONCLUSION

In popular political arenas, it is distinctly obvious that an increasing number of potentially active citizens have little faith in the effectiveness of employing conventional means of participating in the running and leadership of their country. It is difficult to truly ascertain a correlation between voter turnout and street demonstrations, due to the limitations of enumerating each citizen or conducting a census. It an be construed that street demonstrations appear to be replacing voting as an avenue of political participation, because of the high frequency with which they occur. Virtually every modern society has been the victim of street demonstrations. The differences however, lie in the degrees of volatility, the political socialization of the people and their existing political culture. The justification of these demonstrations is dependent on the effective changes they stimulate and the quality of the communal environment left in their aftermath.

BIBLOGRAPHY

Munroe, Trevor Dr, (1), Renewing Democracy into the Millennium

Munroe, Trevor Dr, (1), An Introduction to Politics

Chomsky, Noam, (001), A New Generation Draws the Line

The Gleaner

Trinidad Express

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Please note that this sample paper on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Home schooling?

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Home schooling?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Home schooling? paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Home schooling?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Home schooling? paper at affordable prices! Surely nobody knows what significant changes will there be centuries later, will our grand grandsons or grand granddaughters be those like Margie and Tommy who were schooled at home by those mechanical ¡¥teachers¡¦ catering for those children¡¦s abilities on studying? No one knows.

Talking about these two kids, I was impressed by the way of their home schooling at home as their so-called ¡¥school¡¦ was totally different from ours now. Instead of going to school, they studied at home with the help of advanced technology at that time. Their teachers were alike robots without characteristics in person, they did what they were ordered. What about handing in homework? That¡¦s a piece of cake, just inserted their homework written in a punch code into the slot .By the time they finished the last-page insertion, the mark had already been calculated. Sounds marvellous, wasn¡¦t it? However, Margie and Tommy didn¡¦t really enjoy learning in that way, Margie even wanted the County Inspector to take away her teacher by the time they found there was a bug in the programme sector of her teacher.

By reflecting the school system we have nowadays, the only thing I share with Margie and Tommy is that we have to learn at regular hours at regular places. I am a little bit luckier than the two kids as I have buddies in school while they have to face that humourless robot without company.

Honestly, I do enjoy study at regular hours as it controls my study time and my study progress stuck to the schedule. However, I am not saying that home-schooling is something we should avoid as a way to gain knowledge. There are two faces to a coin. Even though home-schooling may discourage the development of social and communication skills, it helps to encourage the development of potential abilities at different subjects as a result of adjusting the teaching schedule to fit each kid. Those who are good at Mathematics do not necessarily good at the usage of languages. Only adjusting the teaching process according to students¡¦ ability will help to relieve the learning pressure and find out which fields they are really gifted. After staying at home these days when there is a suspension in schools, I found it tedious to study at home alone. I somehow can understand why Margie keep saying she hate school as in which it means she have to learn new knowledge without interaction with classmates. Self-control is one of the most-needed things while studying alone as you may be distracted easily by temptation like TV , snacks and the Internet. If Margie was not commanded by her mother, I am sure she may keep her teacher waiting till she finished that old book with Tommy. By the way, that is what touch me most as I share the same thing with her whenever I have to put down my favourite book while being snapped by my mother for not studying hard.

Please note that this sample paper on Home schooling? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Home schooling?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Home schooling? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!