Tuberculosis

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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The HIV virus infects cells of the immune system. Your immune system is what protects you from infections and disease. HIV uses cells of your immune system to grow. When HIV has used one of these cells to grow, the cell can no longer do its job, leaving your body without a part of its immune system. Pieces of the HIV virus go all over the body.

If your body is making antibodies to HIV, this means youve been infected with the virus. Once youve tested positive for the antibodies to HIV, you will always test positive.

Each day, HIV creates billions of new HIV viruses in the body. The bodys natural reaction to infection is to produce a strong response. But HIV takes every chance it gets to produce faster than the body can attack it. Eventually, in most people, the virus can get the upper hand unless treatments stop it or slow it down. At this point, we know there are several treatments that can slow the infection down. We also know that a handful of people are able to fight off the virus. Doctors agree that HIV infection needs to be treated so that you dont get sick, or sicker.

With HIV infection, your immune system may slowly get weaker or may become overactive. Either way, your immune system is out of balance. HIV starts a process that can be very hard to stop once it starts. With a weakened immune system, you can more easily get infections and cancers. You may not see any signs of these at first. Doctors can use blood tests to see how your immune system is doing. These tests can tell you and your doctor if there are treatments you need to help keep you from getting infections that can make you very sick.

You dont have AIDS as soon as youre infected with HIV. The disease process takes a while, around 10 years on average. The process goes from being HIV+ without any symptoms or signs of disease to being HIV+ with symptoms to having AIDS. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Immune deficiency means that HIV has damaged your immune system. A damaged immune system cant protect you from infections as well as a healthy immune system.

Many doctors use your CD4 cells to measure the current status of your immune system. CD4 cells are cells that help control infection. The normal range for CD4 cells is usually 500-1600 cells. For many people whose CD4 cells fall below 00, the risk increases of getting certain infections.

HIV is a kind of virus called a retrovirus. It uses the cells in your body to make more viruses. Drugs that fight HIV are known as antiretrovirals. There are three main types of antiretroviral drugs. Antiretroviral drugs are now being used in combinations that have been shown to dramatically reduce the amount of HIV in the body

An example of the Life Cycle of particular Retrovirus -

Example of HIV Transmission

Several factors appear to affect vertical HIV-1 transmission, dependent mainly on characteristics of the mother (extent of immunodeficiency, co-infections, risk behavior, nutritional status, immune response, genetical make-up), but also of the virus possibly, of the child. This complex situation is compounded by the fact that the virus may have the whole gestation period, apart from variable periods between memane rupture and birth and theeast-feeding period, to pass from the mother to the infant. It seems probable that an extensive interplay of all factors occurs, and that some factors may be more important during specific periods and other factors in other periods. Factors predominant in protection against in utero transmission may be less important for peri-natal transmission, and probably quite different from those that predominantly affects transmission by mothers milk. For instance, cytotoxic T lymphocytes will probably be unable to exert any effect duringeast-feeding, while neutralizing antibodies will be unable to protect transmission by HIV transmitted through infected cells. Furthermore, some responses may be capable of controlling transmission of determined virus types, while being inadequate for controlling others. As occurrence of mixed infections and recombination of HIV-1 types is a known fact, it does not appear possible to prevent vertical HIV-1 transmission by reinforcing just one of the factors, and probably a general strategy including all known factors must be used.

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