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The most difficult essay topics is also seen only with the finest Please note that this sample paper on Personal Response to Emily Dickinsons "Theain..." is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Personal Response to Emily Dickinsons "Theain...", we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Personal Response to Emily Dickinsons "Theain..." will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

amazing grace

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on amazing grace. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality amazing grace paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in amazing grace, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your amazing grace paper at affordable prices! Life in the Southonx

In the book Amazing Grace, author Jonathan Kozol writes of the lifestyle of children who live in the Southonx, the poorest congressional district in the United States. Their lives may seem extraordinary to readers, but to them, they are just as normal as everyone else is. The lifestyle these children see as normal is filled with pollution, AIDS, drugs, and violence. Unfortunately this way of living is the only life many of them have ever known. With these surroundings they live in, the need for quality healthcare is a vital importance. The government does nothing to intervene to help those in the community; instead they continue to cut programs.

One of the cutbacks Kozol mentions is the reductions in the number of orderlies, janitors, security guards, and lab technicians at medical facilities who primarily serve the poor. According to one of the heads at a city hospital, this will cause delays in care, unsanitary hospitals, and longer time in the designated waiting rooms. These kinds of problems are already apparent in hospitals in the area. With the cutback, hospitals will have a difficult time to ever become a decent place to receive care (Kozol 100). Earlier in the book, Kozol introduces readers to a woman, Alice Washington, whom suffers from AIDS and has been one of many to receive this sort of treatment in the hospital. Her encounters at the local hospitals are horrifying to readers. In one instance, Washington was told by her doctor to be admitted to the hospital after test results of hers came back. She did not want to go, but he persisted and told her a bed would be ready for her in two hours. According to Washington I went to the hospital and, when I get there its six hours before they can put me in a bed. Then, when I go upstairs, the room is not prepared. The bed is covered in blood and bandages from someone else. Flowers are scattered on the floor. Toilets stopped with toilet paper. Bed hasnt been made. Id been through this once before. Either you wait for hours until someone cleans the room or else you clean the room yourself (Kozol 14). Later in book, Alice Washington waits for four nights in the downstairs corridor in the hospital before a bed is free. Her son, David took her to the hospital and for five hours she sat up and David asked a nurse if they was any place where is mother could lie down. The nurse got mad and snapped at me. She said I cant grant your request. My mother had to sit there until three a.m. At three they put her on a stretcher and a doctor looked at her. He said she needed X-rays but he said that there was no one free to do them. She didnt get the X-rays for two days (Kozol 8). Alice spent three nights on a stretcher in the hallway. When she finally got a room, she got extremely cold and began to shiver. But, the hospital had no blankets. Another woman, Shirley Flowers, says she have top hope you dont have to use the bathroom at Lincoln Hospital. She describes than has being very disgusting, with waste spread all over the floor (Kozol 165). These examples of treatment in the Southonx are shocking. The conditions are horrible for anyone, especially for those who are sick. And to think that more cuts would likely happen and the hospitals would get worse than they already are is even more horrifying.

Next is the problem of children being referred to clinics and hospitals if their state of mind is harmful to themselves or others. Because a lot of children experience and/or observe traumatic situations, there mental state may be in jeopardy. The clinics and hospitals they are referred to and need treatment from overbooked. Children find themselves waiting for months. Jonathan Kozol spoke to a teacher who shared a story about a boy she was concerned about. A 1-year-old boy, she says, came in one day during the winter in a despondent state of mind. Ive never come across a child more depressed. He sat here and he said, I want to die. We reached his mother. She took him to Lincoln Hospital. They did aief assessment, then turned him right around (Kozol 15). The boy went back a week later for a blood test and was released again. The mother was told she would hear back and of course she did not. Eight weeks later he still had received no medication or treatment. Even when a child has suicidal tendencies, nothing is done. How sick does someone have to be in order to receive a proper treatment?Professional writers help on amazing grace essays

Even having AIDS does not consider you to be sick enough to receive assistance. There is a federal program referred to as SSI, which is a federal program for sick and disabled people. Alice Washington has tried to multiply times to be on SSI, but continues to be rejected even though her health condition is on bad shape. The medication for AIDS is very expensive and without taking it the patients condition will be in jeopardy. Washington tells of how her friend died from AIDS and shortly after her death, checks from the SSI began to come. Now her friends boyfriend cashes them each month and keeps the money. Her son, David, believed she was not eating in order to get qualified. I wondered if shes starving herself so that shell qualify, so that theyll say, This womans sick enough. She qualifies (Kozol ). Later in book, Kozol asks David if she finally got approved. She was not, with reason being, she isnt sick enough (Kozol 0).

Another condition found in the Southonxs healthcare system problem of prenatal care. At Lincoln Hospital, there is a four-month waiting list for this kind of care. Because of this, women may decide to get themselves put in prison in order to receive prenatal care. There is better care in the prisons than in the hospitals. According to Kozol, if they [women] are pregnant, they receive prenatal and prenatal care, parenting classes, and addiction therapy, in addition to the services of nurseries (146). A woman from the Southonx, says a nun who works with female inmates begged us not to take her out of prison…until her baby was delivered (Kozol 146). It is awful to think a woman would have to resort to prison to get decent care for themselves and their baby.

Another problem is the distribution of social workers. Kozol mentions that the city of intends to lay off fifteen thousand workers with approximately five thousand of them involved in agencies that provide social services. A majority of those being laid off are black and Hispanic women. By firing such a large amount people, more strain will be put on the social workers that survive the cut and already have many patients. Caseloads of social workers, already as large as 00 children to one worker in some instances, are certain to grow larger (Kozol 101). With some many people to help out, the patients cannot possibly get all the assistance they need. Also, with such responsibility, the social workers may find his or her job to be too stressful and may decide to just quit. Then, once again would the social service program lose more workers.

Since the healthcare in Southonx is so appalling, one might suggest going into Manhattan or another borough of New York City in order to receive quality healthcare. However, this is not as easy as it sounds. The last thing those hospitals want is patients from the Southonx. Therefore residents from Southonx feel not wanted. According to nurse who works in the Southonx, If a womans black, Hispanic, and on welfare, maybe a drug user, or has HIV, she knows she isnt welcome in a first-class hospital (Kozol 175). Some of private hospitals, such as Mount Sinai Medical Center, are segregated. At Mount Sinai, the fourth floor is designated for blacks and Hispanics. Here, the rooms are overcrowded with peeling paint and showers in the hallways. On the floor above, the rooms are private with bathrooms. On the fifth floor, new mothers receive classes on infant care,east-feeding, nutrition, and exercise. These classes are not provided to those on the fourth floor. Nurses on the fifth floor are instructed not to record alcohol abuse on a patients record. However, on the fourth floor, it is the exact opposite nurses record a mothers drug and alcohol uses and also contacts welfare officials. According to Kozol, when a pregnant black woman visit the hospital with her white husband, she was shown the rooms on the fifth floor. When she came to the hospital without her husband to have her baby, she was placed on the fourth floor. These two floors make it seem like patients are in entirely different hospitals.

Kozol also mentions the cutbacks in drug-rehabilitation services. These services already have a six-month waiting list and only offer help to one in ten of the half-million heroin and cocaine addicts in New York. There also cutbacks happening to the AIDS services provided to six hundred children and sixteen thousand adults. These two problems can be tied together. One of the reasons AIDS is an epidemic in theonx is because of the high amount of drug use. Needles are shared spreading the disease. The city had needle drives where users can get to clean needles, but thousands still get infected each year. If they cut drug-rehabilitation programs, users will keep using and the amount of AIDS patients will increase. The medicine to help with the HIV and AIDS diseases is costly. Kozol also mentions Mayor Guilianis plans to terminate an agency that provides services to sufferers of AIDS (116). According to David Washington, The mayor says that he needs to take these things away from us, but we dont need to have these things taken away from us. Once theyre gone, a lot of us are going to go with them (Kozol 11). If they completely cut services to help with the AIDS virus medications, only more people will suffer and die.

Finally, the Southonx is experiencing a shortage of doctors in schools. In the public school system in 170, there were four hundred physicians caring for children. By the spring of 1, they number has been drastically reduced to twenty-three. Most of those twenty-three are part-time physicians (Kozol 107). Most childrens parents cannot afford quality healthcare, so at least seeing a school physician is better than nothing.

The governments attitude towards these people is such that the residents feel devalued and not worthy of being seen or heard. Changing the social policy of the community is of important in making it a better place to live. Without having anyone on their side, the residents of the Southonx feel trapped. They cant even go into Manhattan to receive care. They are just turned away and told to go to hospital in their own area. Drug users will keep using; the number of AIDS residents will keep increasing. How are residents able to receive the care they need? Many will end up dying while suffering. Those who are born into the Southonx do not have a good chance to better their lives. It is hard cycle to get out of when you are not accepted anywhere else. It is like the government and other officials do not even see this has a real place.

Please note that this sample paper on amazing grace is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on amazing grace, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on amazing grace will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Rewards of Margin Investing

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Rewards of Margin Investing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Rewards of Margin Investing paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Rewards of Margin Investing, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Rewards of Margin Investing paper at affordable prices! Buying on margin is basically buying stocks with money borrowed from your onlineoker orokerage firm. The rewards are magnified and far outweigh the risk because it is a leveraged transaction (leverage is the use of borrowed money to make an investment and the return on an investment). Leverage allows people to get more done with the same amount of resources and your potential for profit is greater because you are doubling your money to purchase stocks versus purchasing the stocks outright. It challenges the old adage "It takes lots of money to make money." Additionally, margin investing allows investors to essentially double their buying power by using their existing funds and stocks they own as collateral, and then borrowing against those assets at a reduced interest rate to purchase stocks.

Regardless of method, tactics or philosophy used by individual investors, all forms of investment in the stock market involve some risk. Therefore, investors must look at risk versus reward when making their investment decisions. The three most mentioned risks associated with margin investing follow. First, investors could lose more than what they paid for the stocks. Secondly, investors do not have sole control over their stocks. Finally, investors must be prepared to deposit more assets in their margin account on short notice if their stocks experience a significant decline. All the aforementioned risks are easily avoided by monitoring your portfolio and selling any marginally performing stock that drops 10% in value. Now, lets look at the many rewards associated with margin investing to determine if its worth the risk. First, Investors can typically buy more stocks (double their money) than not obtaining a margin loan. Secondly, they can increase their rates of return on assets invested e.g. if the investors stock pays a dividend, the dividend amounts are deposited into the investorsokerage account. Thirdly,okerages typically transfer investor funds they hold to a money market account, which pays a higher rate of interest than your typical bank saving account. Finally, Investors can repay the loans at anytime without penalty, can use these loans for purposes other than buying stocks, and can use their margin accounts for other security transactions e.g. short sales, bond purchase, and options trading. As you can see, the rewards far outweigh the risks and this type of investing just make good sense for the savvy (well-informed) investor and for the beginner who is willing to learn about margin investing.

Even if margin investing sounds too risky for you, you may want to open a margin account. There are two reasons why. First, margin loans have a lower interest rate than other loans because they are secured with investments that youroker holds. Again, the loans can be used for purposes beyond buying stocks. This means that if you need money for something, you can get it without selling investments (something that would have tax consequences) by merely writing a check on yourokerage account.

In today's financial markets, with many stocks of outstanding and well managed companies trading at all times lows, buying on margin to double your buying power makes even more sense. Consequently, more investors are buying securities (stocks, bonds etc.) on margin than ever before. Canadians have had an average of $10 billion in margin borrowings during 2000, and Americans have quadrupled that amount, which is nearly four times the level of a decade ago. Professional writers help on Rewards of Margin Investing essays

Please note that this sample paper on Rewards of Margin Investing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Rewards of Margin Investing, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Rewards of Margin Investing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Beowulf as an Ideal King

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Beowulf as an Ideal King. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Beowulf as an Ideal King paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Beowulf as an Ideal King, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Beowulf as an Ideal King paper at affordable prices! In the folk epic Beowulf written by an unknown writer, it was common for a tribe to be ruled by a chieftin, also known as a king, who was expected to maintain the well being of his people. Shield Sheafson was the first example of a chieftin in the poem. Beowulf eventually lived up to him. "A foundling to start with, he would flourish later on as his powers waxed and his worth was proved." Sheafson flourished at the height of his power and just like an ideal king was suppose to be, he was buried with treasures. The king surrounded himself with blood kindred retainers and many household members. Also the king led his men in battles and was rewarded with spoils. Royal generosity was also an important aspect of the Anglo Saxon culture and in this aspect of society retainers were known to fight for their lord. Beowulf was a member of Anglo Saxon society who eventually fulfilled the ideal king position. His ideal kingship was apparent by his excellent fighting skills as a warrior, his perseverance, leadership, loyalty, and generosity. Beowulf was eventually well rewarded and remained king for fifty years after the death of his lord.

Initially Beowulf began to be seen as a great warrior when he embarked on a boat with fourteen other warriors to run about to the terror of the Danes and their king Hrothgar. While walking in the footsteps of his predecessors he attempted to drive his peoples land to prosperity by helping to defeat perilous monster Grendel, a descendant of Cains Clan. "Now Holy God has, in his goodness, guided him here to the West-Danes to defend us from Grendel." It is then that the reader begins to see Beowulfs excellent fighting skills which would begin to characterize him as an ideal king. His physical strength allowed him to remain an excellent warrior. An unknown writer allows the reader to realize his physical strength during his argument with Unferth. Beowulf explained to Unferth that the reason for his loss toeca during a swimming match in the open sea was not only because he was drunk but he had also been swimming for numerous nights killing about nine sea beasts along the way. Beowulf eventually moved on to the big fight with Grendel to exact vengeance for the men he had slain. Beowulf fought Grendel with the use of his bare hands and claimed himself as dangerous as the monster. "I count myself as dangerous any day as Grendel." In that event the lack of fear was evident which helped to enhance his fighting skills. The Danes had continuously fallen victim of this Cains clan member. Therefore, Beowulfs victory was unexpected. Proof of his ideal kingship was seen high up near the roof of Heorot, the mead hall which was originally built by Beowulfs predecessors. "Clear proof could be seen in the hand the hero displayed high up near the roof, the whole of Grendels arm and shoulder, his awesome grasp."

Beowulfs ideal fighting skills continued with his perseverance to kill Grendels mother who was another member of Cains clan as well as another force of evil. "Beowulf got ready, donned his war gear, indifferent to death His mighty, hand forged, fine webbed mail would soon meet with the menace underwater. During his fight with Grendels mother, Beowulf was handed a sword from Unferth who had previously challenged his strength. This sword was a great example of Beowulfs fighting skills. While the fight with Grendels mom progressed, Beowulf caught eye of a sword that only his physical strength could handle. "Then he saw a blade that boded well, a sword in her armory, an ancient heirloom from the days of the giants, an ideal, one that any warrior would envy, but so huge and heavy, only Beowulf could wield it in a battle. A lifeless corpse seen by fifteen of Hrothgars house guards was again proof of Beowulfs excellent fighting skills.

Since royal generosity was important in the Anglo Saxon culture, generosity also allowed Beowulf to live up to his ideal kingship. Even though he failed upon his death to protect the Geats, his fights with the members of Cains clan as well as the dragon were great examples of him sacrificing his life for his retainers. He also lived up to kingship by showing great respect and generosity towards Hrothgar. "I can show the wise Hrothgar a way to defeat the enemy and fin respite if any respite is to reach him ever." His generosity was also exemplified in his death wishes. Before all battles he requested to have any assets given to his people. "If this combat kills me, take care of my young company, my comrades in arms. And be sure also, my beloved Hrothgar, to send Hygelac the treasures I received." Also even though Unferth previously challenged his strength, Beowulf claimed that if he shall happen to be put into Lords keeping Unferth shall get what he inherited.Leadership was an important characteristic for a king to have. Beowulf showed his leadership by using other characteristics such as his fighting skills. "I march ahead of him, always there at the front of the line, and I shall fight like that as long as I live, as long as this sword shall last, which has stood me in good stead late and soon, ever since I killed Dayraven the Frank in front of two armies. This quote shows that Beowulf was always ahead of his men in battle. During his battle with the dragon he led eleven men in an effort to protect his men. Also towards the beginning, although he remained anonymous, he led his fellow Geats to Denmark to help Hrothgar and the Danes.

Above all of Beowulfs characteristics was his loyalty to his people and his lord. Beowulf always took initiative to help his fellow Geats and Danes out. Whether he was young or old it was always important to be available to his men. At the beginning of the poem Beowulf claimed that the reason for him arriving in Denmark was to help with the defeat of Grendel. After this claim, he attributed a large amount of loyalty to his lord by heightening his lords fame. "I have heard moreover that the monster scorns in his reckless way to use weapons; therefore to heighten Hygelacs fame and gladden his heart, I hereby renounce sword and the shelter of theoad shield, the heavy war-board hand-to-hand is how it will be, a life-and-dealt fight with the fiend." Beowulf refused to use weapons in order to gladden his lords heart. Towards the end of the poem the reader saw an old Beowulf who still managed to be loyal to his people. After ruling his kingdom for fifty years his strength was once again challenged by the strength of the fireeathing dragon. Though his people perished one by one in war he still remained to meet his fate. Anguished with fear and reminiscing about his childhood as a young warrior, he sensed his death. Finally, he challenged the dragon. Unfortunately, it was the first time his sword failed and Beowulf was killed. Under his loyalty his people were left well accounted for.

All of Beowulfs characteristics were well admired by the people of his time. All Danes and Geats respected him and he successfully created himself as the bold and powerful warrior and king. His leadership and generosity helped him remain king for fifty years. His excellent fighting skills helped him defend his people and Hrothgars people against Cains clan. Beowulf was eventually buried in a funeral pyre and just like Shield Sheafson his treasures were placed upon him. Above all, Beowulf was an ideal Anglo Saxon king and he definitely emaced the ideals of his culture.

Please note that this sample paper on Beowulf as an Ideal King is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Beowulf as an Ideal King, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Beowulf as an Ideal King will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

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azils Experience with Hyperinflation

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment onazils Experience with Hyperinflation. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best qualityazils Experience with Hyperinflation paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient inazils Experience with Hyperinflation, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order yourazils Experience with Hyperinflation paper at affordable prices!azils Experience with Hyperinflation

Growth and Industrialization were the main goals ofazils policy makers until the 180s. In the early 80s to mid 10sazil experienced a high rate of inflation. This extraordinarily high rate of inflation is what is known as hyperinflation.azils policy makers now had to divert their attention to curbing this new enemy. What was the performance of the nations economy before, during, and after the crisis? What were the political and economic events that contributed to the crisis and how did the government react to correct these problems?

azil has a history of economic growth even amidst inflation. Political instability and economic stagnation led to the overthrow of the government in 164 and a period of military rule that would last until 185. The new government implemented a stabilization and adjustment program that accelerated growth between 167 and 17. The government was instrumental in economic development amidst the oil shock of 17 by undertaking infrastructure projects, stimulating private business through credit and fiscal incentives, and enlarging the realm of state-owned enterprises. Government overspending and the ability of many of the rich to avoid paying taxes helped lead toazils problems.azil was able to maintain high growth rates in the late 70s even amidst unfavorable international conditions that negatively affected many growth rates in developed countries.azil had an average growth rate of 6.% from 174 to 180. The government ofazil was able to achieve this by increasing the availability of credit, which permitted continued inflow of resources to finance investment. This in turn helped to push inflation up and severely increased foreign debt.azils deficit rose from US$1.7 billion in 17 to US$1.8 billion in 180. This large deficit forcedazil to borrow heavily in the international financial market.azil was left very vulnerable to external conditions. When the second oil shock hit inflation rates rose andazil was forced to borrow just to meet its debt obligations. The intense borrowing pushed the foreign debt from US$6.4 billion in 17 to US$54 billion in 180. Then in 18 the Mexican foreign debt moratorium perpetuated the closure of the international credit market to Latin American countries. This causedazils government to accept that the debt crisis was a major concern. The country tried to combat this by reducing growth and thereby reducing imports and by expanding exports. As a result real GDP declined by 4.4%. As the economy declined, inflation increased. Then by the mid 80s domestic debt nearly displaced foreign debt asazils main economic problem.

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With an inadequate government, it became very clear that major fiscal reform was needed to fight inflation and restore the public sectors ability to invest. Total investment had dropped to under 18% of GDP. In 185 government control was handed over to civilian rule.

Tancredo Neves had negotiated the transition to a full democracy and had been elected president, but he died before taking office. Jose Sarney, vice president at the time was then sworn in as president. Sarney tried implementing various strategies to combat the economic problems of his country. The first plan was the Cruzado Plan in 186.The key measures of the Crazado plan were to implement a price freeze, a wage readjustment freeze, readjustment and freezes of rent and mortgage, a freeze of the exchange rate, and a ban on idexation. It had wonderful results, and the monthly rate of inflation lowered to almost zero, and growth increased. By the end of 186 the plan was beginning to show signs of failing. Wage adjustments were too large which led to increased aggregate demand, which pushed inflation upward. Also the price freeze was maintained too long which led to shortages in supply. If the government would have acted quickly, this plan might have been saved. This led to increased inflation and a return of indexation.

The next two plans, theesser Plan and the Sumner plan were aimed at controlling inflation. These plans failed due to public skepticism and a lack of political support in implementing policies. These failed plans and the lack of fiscal reform led to the gradual decline of credibility with the public. Lack of credibility would further push the effects of inflation. This lack of credibility also permeated into doubt about whether the government could service its debt and eventually repay the principal. The loss of credibility resulted in the shortening of terms and raising real interest rates. This cycle caused the government to go even further into debt. The effect of the debt also led to problems with monetary control. Included with short terms and high rates, the government forced the central banks to purchase bonds that could not find a home in the public market. This caused automatic increases in the money supply, which pushed inflation even higher. The poor in the country really paid the price. The cash they received was rendered almost worthless overnight. The middle class was able to escape this hyperinflation somewhat as they were able to place their money in indexed bank accounts that kept up with inflation somewhat. The indexing of the economy also played a role in the increased inflation by raising inflationary expectations.

With the government and the economy in shambles Sarney gave way to a new President. Fernando Collor de Mello was elected in 18. When Collor took office, the economy was in shambles, average GDP was 1.6% annually. A sizeable amount of the countrys growing public deficit was financed through the expansion of the money supply. Collor initiated taxation and a freeze on financial assets to reduce the liquidity and generate resources. Collor then attacked inflation through economic and public sector reform. Collor was able to decrease the deficit, he reduced internal debt, and he increased international reserves. His attempt to lower inflation failed, but he did make one important change. Collor slashed trade barriers and openedazils economy to the rest of the world. Collor then stepped down in 1 due to accusations of corruption.

Next came Itamar Franco. Under Franco inflation continued to rise at a rate of ,500% annually. With no end in site, Mr. Franco appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as his finance minister. Cardosa was not considered an economist, but he assembled a group of advisors who devised what is known as the "Real Plan". Unlike earlier plans, it did not depend on price and wage freezes to stop inflation.

The first phase of the Real Plan was the Immediate Action Program. This program focused largely on the underlying causes of inflation inazil.azil determined that their economy was fairly healthy in late 1 as there was an increase in exports, an increase in industrial productivity, and a positive change in GDP. Average GDP growth rates in the previous 10 years had been %. In 1 GDP increased by 4.% and unemployment decreased slightly to 5.%. It was deduced that the inflationary illness was caused by the financial and administrative disorder in the public sector. The effects of this disorder were a lack of money to pay for basic services and government investment, financial resources were lost due to waste, inefficiency, corruption, fraud, and payment defaults, and state bank indebtedness was out of control. This fiscal disorder made it impossible for the government to decide what the priorities were concerning expenditures. This chaos also made it impossible for the government to create a fiscal policy with the future in mind and thus made it impossible for the Central Bank to exercise an active monetary policy. This first plan dealt with these issues in order to achieve economic growth and pay down debt, although the country can only achieve growth if they defeat hyperinflation. This hyperinflation paralyzes investment, which negatively affects growth. Along with the budget cuts, revenue recovery, banking reform, privatization was also introduced. The government concentrated on the social programs and let go of the steel industry, petro-chemical and fertilizer companies. The government drove growth by funding these industries in the pre-hyperinflation era.

Once the Immediate Action Plan was implemented the next phase of the" Real plan "could go into effect. The plan was primarily focused on replacing the old currency with something known as a "Unit of Real Value". The "Real" as it was soon to be called was pegged to the dollar, which therefore restricted price rises for imported and tradable goods. This action resulted in the de-indexation of theazilian economy. The real actually appreciated against the dollar in the first year. Short-term stability and expectations of an eventual depreciation of the real led to greater mobility of financial capital with world markets. This led to a strong appreciation of the real and high domestic interest rates. Savers required high interest rates to help protect them against depreciation. This led to large inflows of foreign capital. This helped to finance the large inflows of imports spurned by the resurgence of economic growth. With a stable government, a stable monetary system, foreign capital, and renewed positive expectations,azils inflation began to decline. The" Real plan" worked, and by 16 the federal budget was significantly smaller and inflation declined. GDP rose to 6%, unemployment leveled to 5.1%, and inflation decreased to a manageable 1%.

Now that we have somewhat of an understanding of the crisis we can further concentrate on the macroeconomic variables and apply the data. From 165 to 17 inflation averaged 0 percent and the economy grew at an average rate of 5. percent. The unemployment rate remained stable at a natural rate of 4.7 percent. Stagflation and inflation started to incur in 181. GDP declined in 181,8,and 18. From 185 to 10 inflation averaged 856 percent and the economy grew at an average of 4.5 percent. Unemployment rose in the early 80s but returned to a more natural rate as fairly strong growth still persisted from 184 to 18. Then in 10 until the first installment of the "Real Plan", GDP fell, inflation skyrocketed and unemployment remained fairly high in accordance with the natural rate of around 5%. The economic data supports the fact that GDP and the rate of growth of GDP help push unemployment down.azil helped push GDP by investing in industry and through government spending. This helped keep employment up which fueled consumption.

The data also helps support the theory of Okuns law which states that a change in unemployment rate caused by growth of Real GDP can be predicted by taking the real GDP growth rate, subtracting and dividing that difference by . An example of this is proven by looking at the real GDP growth rate from 1 to 14. In 1 growth increased from 4.% to 6% in 14. Unemployment declined from 5.% in 1 to 5.1% in 14. This would imply that unemployment decreased as real GDP increases and that economic forecasts can be made in terms of the rates.

Another observation could be deduced by looking at inflation and unemployment. These two properties inversely affect each other in the short run. As inflation increases, the tradeoff is a decrease in unemployment. Inazil, inflation was out of control, yet unemployment was considered fairly under control. Inflation reached an annual rate of 500% in 1 and unemployment was 5.%. With hyperinflation so high, one would deduce that unemployment would be zero if these two conditions were proportionate. These variables do seem to move in opposite directions, but it is important to point out that the unemployment rate tends to move toward its natural rate in the long run and is cyclical around its natural rate in the short run, as accurately depicted by Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps. Friedman and Phelps discounted the Phillips curve in determining the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in the long run. This would accurately explain the conditions that persisted inazil in terms of the unemployment rate and inflation and prove that the long run Phillips curve is vertical.

azils political instability in the 80s also led to the increase in inflation and economic instability.azil was under military control until 185 in which a democratic government was established. Under military control,azil ran up the national debt and the new democratic government was ill equipped to deal with the problems arising in the economy. As mentioned earlier, the government was poorly run and lost credibility with its citizens and the rest of the world. The government had difficulties collecting tax revenue from its citizens and corporations. Capital flight didnt present as much of a problem as it would in other economies, asazil wasnt a true open economy. The instability of a sound democratic system, wasteful spending, and an overall fiscal nightmare played a big role inazils inflation crisis.

How can we explain the effects of indexation and increasing the money supply in terms of its effects on inflation and interest rates?azil tried to combat inflation through indexation, which caused the government to inject large amounts of money. The quantity theory of money asserts that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate of money available determines the inflation rate.azil tried to stop this effect by implementing price freezes. This obviously did not work and inflation expectations prevailed and inflation spun out of control. The impact of the increased money supply pushed aggregate demand and fueled inflation. The increased inflation also pushed inflation expectations. The increased inflation expectations also had an effect on the economy in what is known as shoeleather costs. Shoeleather costs are the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings. The time and effort wasted converting money into goods or another more stable unit of value. This resulted in lower productivity inazil. People packed banks and grocery stores in hopes of protecting their hard earned money. The increased inflation also affected the nominal interest rate. This can be explained by the Fisher effect.

The Fisher effect states that there is a one for one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate. The increased interest rate discourages investment by increasing the cost of borrowing, which decreases growth. The increased interest rate not only affects the market for loanable funds, but it also affects net foreign investment and the real exchange rate. They felt that increasing exports and limiting imports would help their economy. This can be reasoned by understanding that saving= investment + net foreign investment, and net exports = net foreign investment. This idea can be taken one step further and one would realize that net exports wouldnt increase because The Market for Loanable funds, NFI, and The Market for Foreign Currency are intertwined. Decreasing imports would increase the demand forazils currency, which in turn causes the real exchange rate to increase but net exports to remain the same. Domestic prices would increase relative to foreign goods and both imports and exports would decrease. Once the economy was completely opened up and tariffs were lightened, the Market for Foreign currency exchange shifted to an equiliium, which encouraged the flow of goods and services that benefitedazil and the rest of the world. The opening of the economy and the decentralization of many industries also led to an increase of direct foreign investment, which helped spark the economy.

The question is canazil continue to keep the economy on the right path? The honest answer is " nobody knows". The government believed that the future relied on defending the real against inflation and also in keeping it tied to the dollar. This is hard to defend becauseazil relies heavily on foreign capital. In order to protect the real in a bad economic run, interest rates would increase and a fiscal adjustment would have to be made in order to continue the inflow of foreign and domestic capital and prevent inflation and capital flight. The downside to this strategy is the unworldly high interest rates that would have to be implemented in order to keep the real tied to the dollar and fight off inflation in a bad economic run. The high interest rates would slow growth and move the economy towards recession. Eventually this plan would be scrapped and the real was allowed to float. The floating of the real leaves the prospect for future inflation, but it also leaves the ability for future prosperity and growth.

It is plain to see that inflation has many causes and symptoms that are intertwined in a web of illusion and chaos. It is important to remember that these conditions cannot be correctly dealt with by adjusting one variable in the economy. Inazils case a governmental and fiscal restructuring was needed before a solid inflation fighting strategy could be implemented. A solid foundation is needed in order to maintain long-term economic growth and stability. With a foundation in place the government can pinpoint and correct the variables that are leading the economy astray.azil has proven that they are a contender in the world economy.azil has won many victories in its fight against inflation. They have opened the economy to world trade, increased GDP, increased productivity, increased technology by privatizing many industries, and they have developed and administered a stable currency and an active monetary policy. The future definitely looksight forazil.

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