A family that prays together , stays together, do you agree

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Stays Together

This statement can be agreed with and disagreed with depending on what a persons arguments towards this statement is. For the following statement I have put together a few points that are in favour of it, and a few that are against it.

For The family might be a religious family so by praying together i.e. at church they are also spending time with each other, this time together can help the family sort out their differences and communicate with one another telling one another their feelings on certain subjects that have beenought up either in the family or on the news etc.

The parents of the family, or the elders can teach the younger members of the family about religious teachings, this might help the younger ones to understand and try and solve any problems they may come across in later life or problems within the family. They take the knowledge and apply it.

The children might want to learn more about the world so they make an agreement with their parents to take them to church every Sunday. The family is happy to do this and get to spend time with each other.

Against

One or more of the members or all of the members in the family may not be religious, by going to church etc. may be boring for the non religious part of the family.

The members of the family may want to pray in their own time when the others may not, they may wish to pray in their own way by themselves, so by making them pray with the rest of the family they are not going to be able to solve their own problems, e.g. personal problems.

Even if the family all pray together their may still be arguments going on in the family to split them up, prayer doesnt solve everything, it also involves coming clean which in some cases is a bad thing.

Conclusion

After looking at the above points and considering the statement I am against this statement along with probably many other people, my main argument being that a member of the family may not be religious, so by making that person go to church etc. with the rest of the family may have an impact on that individual. For example they may begin to argue with members of the family about having to go to church when they find it boring.

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Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear paper at affordable prices! Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear

In many of the plays by William Shakespeare, the central character goes through internal and external changes that ultimately shake their foundations to the core. Numerous theories have been put forth to explain the sequence of tragedies Shakespeare wrote during this period by linking it to some experience of melancholy, anger, despair, and the antagonists ultimate fall from grace in their lust for power. But such theories overlook the fact that it is in this very same period and in the same tragic works that portray the heights to which human nature can rise and fall in its purest and noblest, if not happiest terms. Surely the creation of so much light alongside the darkness and the perfection of the artistic medium through which Shakespeare gives them expression argues against the idea that the greedy side of human nature is his chief concern. His efforts to portray human life in its rarest form and not only the dark depths, but also the treasure rooms of our being. He tries to pierce beneath the superficial motives and forces of surface behavior, social, and cultural expressions and to the deeper levels of individual character and human nature. Shakespeare then places these aspects of human existence in their true relation to the wider field of universal life. In relation to the tragic hero, there are many similarities between the tragic heroes in Macbeth and King Lear. However, the differences between the two outline the re-occurring themes in both plays. In Shakespeares plays the central characters own weaknesses and lust for power lead to corruption. The unchecked power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear ultimately leads to corruption, tragedy, and the heros fall from grace.

In Macbeth, Macbeths power goes unchecked within himself, his wife, and within the kingdom. The title character is a tragic hero, a person of high rank who isought to eventual ruin by his desire for power. At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare defines Macbeth as a valiant hero very clearly. His courage is unquestionable in defense of Scotland in the opening scene. When King Duncan names Malcolm Prince of Cumberland, Macbeth decides to murder Duncan. Macbeth is loyal to the King and he imagines murder but rejects the idea. Macbeth is aware that his thoughts are corrupt and he knows that justice will somehow punish him. Then in Act I Scene , Macbeth considers killing King Duncan to make the witches prophesy come true. He says, "Why, if fate will have me king, why chance may crown me." Yet increasingly his ambition defeated his good nature. Macbeths limited power as Thane of Cawdor ignites his desire for complete and absolute power at any cost. The most apparent flaw, and perhaps the most tragic in Macbeths character, is his lack of patience and hunger for total power.

Macbeth tries to upset the natural order established by the gods. Most important to the theory that Macbeth is responsible for his own actions would be a point that the infamous witches and Macbeth agree upon. Such an element exists in the form of Macbeths ambition. In the soliloquy Macbeth gives before he murders Duncan, he states, ...I have no spur/To prick the sides of intent, but only/Vaulting ambition,"(Act I, Scene .). These are not the words of a man who is merely being led down a self destructive path of doom, with no will of his own, but words of a man who realizes not only the graveness of his actions. Later the head witch, Hecate, says," Hath been but for a wayward son,/Spiteful and wrathful, who, as others do,/Loves for his own ends, not for you. (Act III, Scene 5), which again highlights Macbeths inward nature. The most significant part of the play is the paradox between Macbeths ambitions and desire for power as he simply succumbs to natural urges, which take him to a fate of his own making. Everyone has character flaws that he must live with and Macbeth simply allowed those flaws to destroy him. These flaws ultimately haunt Macbeth and cause him to let his overvaulting ambition rush fate, and hasten his doom. He acknowledges his guilt in several places in the story. After Macbeth becomes king, his sanity begins to unravel. In Act III, Scene 4 he sees images of his dead friend Banquo at the banquet. Lady Macbeths questioning of Macbeths manhood is crucial in fueling his ambition and desire to be king after he becomes Thane of Cawdor. Then his wife plants the initial seed of a "new" king in the thoughts of Macbeth. The reversal of control and power between he and his wife strikes Macbeths manhood. She is well aware of the discrepancy between their respective resolves and understands that she will have to manipulate her husband into acting on the witches prophecy. Her violent, blistering soliloquies in Act I, Scene 7, testifies to her strength of will, which completely eclipses that of her husband. Her soliloquy in Act I, scene V, begins the plays exploration of gender roles, particularly of the value and nature of masculinity. In the soliloquy, she spurns her feminine characteristics, crying out unsex me here and wishing that the milk in hereasts would be exchanged for gall so that she could murder Duncan herself. These remarks manifest Lady Macbeths belief that manhood is defined by murder. When, in Act I, scene vii, her husband is hesitant to murder Duncan, she goads him by questioning his manhood and by implicitly comparing his willingness to carry through on his intention of killing Duncan with his ability to carry out a sexual act (I.vii.8�41). Throughout the play, whenever Macbeth shows signs of faltering, Lady Macbeth implies that he is less than a man. By goading Macbeth, the "unseen power" she appears to have over Macbeth recalls the idea that Macbeth has no power or control in his own home or over his wife. He gains power by his murdering King Duncan, but in the end he loses it all even in death.

By killing Duncan, Macbeth unleashes a kind of primal chaos upon the realm of Scotland, in which the old order of benevolent king and loyal subjects is replaced by a darker relationship between a tyrant and his victims. However, even with all his power, Macbeth ceased to be a sympathetic hero once he made the decision to kill Duncan but by the end of the play he has become so morally repulsive that his death comes as a powerful relief. Ambition and bloodlust must be checked by virtue for order and form to be restored to the sound and fury of human existence. Macbeth makes no attempt to reverse the situation and is thereby responsible for his tragic fate. His tragic flaw is his lust for power, which leads him to a series of bloody and increasingly indefensible acts.

Shakepeares King Lear, in contrast to Macbeth, begins with absolute power held by King Lear. He wants to be treated as a king and enjoy the title, but he doesnt want to fulfill a kings obligations of governing for the good of his subjects. The aging King ofitain, decides to step down from the throne and divide his kingdom evenly among his three daughters. First, however, he puts his daughters through a test, asking each to tell him how much she loves him. Goneril, and Regan, Lears older daughters, give their father flattering answers. But Cordelia, Lears youngest and favorite daughter, remains silent, saying that she has no words to describe how much she loves her father. Lear flies into a rage and disowns her. By the end of the play King Lear has transformed from a conceited and self-righteous king with all power, to a humble and caring individual with no power at all. Unchecked power in King Lear leads to internal tragedy first within himself, the relationship with his daughters, and to corruption within the kingdom.

As the play opens one can almost immediately see that Lear

begins to make mistakes that will eventually result in his downfall. The very first words that he speaks in the play, ...Give me the map there… know that we have divided in three our kingdom, and tis our fast intent to shake all cares and business from our age, conferring them on younger strengths while we unburdened crawl to death…" As Lear bears the status of King he is, as one expects, a man of great power but sinfully he surrenders all of this power to his daughters as a reward for their demonstration of love towards him. This untimely abdication of his throne results in a chain reaction of events that send him through a journey from powerful to powerless.

Please note that this sample paper on Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Unchecked Power in Shakespeares Macbeth and King Lear will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Creation vs. Evolution

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Creation vs. Evolution. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Creation vs. Evolution paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Creation vs. Evolution, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Creation vs. Evolution paper at affordable prices! How do you think the world came to be, a Big Bang or a process that took 7 days? If you believe in the Big Bang theory, what exploded and where did it come from?

The question is did God create the universe billions of years ago (in order to let the light naturally reach us) or did He create the universe fully functioning (with the light instantly visible to us)? In my opinion, creating a fully functioning universe is the most logical approach. For example, "If I wanted to make a botanical garden, I would not plant seeds and wait 0 years for the vegetation to mature before I opened it to the public. I would harvest fully mature vegetation and start out with a fully functioning garden." (onson, 001) Its just more realistic.

As most people know, I was raised to read the Bible and to believe what it said about God and how He created the universe. But when I became old enough to think for myself I started to question religion and if God even existed. For a few years I had many doubts, that were mostly put in my head be friends, and really didnt care anymore. But then some things happened in my life and I turned back to God. I then began to realize that what I had been taught made a lot of sense and that, from my point, was the only logical way this world could have gotten here.

When I began my research for this paper, I came across so many different arguments for the beginning of the universe; some were so comical and unbelievable. But I did come across a few interesting ones based upon creation by God. The first was written by William Lane Craig in his book The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe, Truth A Journal of Modern Thought "The kalam cosmological argument, by showing that the universe began to exist, demonstrates that the world is not necessary being, therefore, not self-explanatory with respect to its existence… Since whatever begins to exist has a cause, there must exist a transcendent cause of the universe." (Craig, 11)

Although I dont know exactly what the authors belief is about creation vs. evolution, this one seems to me to be pointed towards creation and seems to be very logical.

The second argument is the cosmological argument defended by philosopher Saint Thomas Aquinas, but was invented long before

"It has many variations, but the simplest one is this Everything has to be caused by or created from something else. Therefore, there must have been a first cause, or what Aristotle called a prime mover, and this is God." (BQ, R. Solomon, 18)

The book states that Aquinas did believe in God as "the most reasonable thing to

believe in".

Another argument is the argument from design (for Gods existence) defended byitish philosopher William Paley. I think this is the closet argument that I came across that is the closet to what the Bible teaches and what I believe in. It is defined as "an argument that attempts to prove that God exists because of intricacy and design of nature." ( BQ glossary) The reasoning behind this is that since the world is so unique it most have been created by someone.

The last argument I wanted to mention is the ontological argument formulated by a monk named Saint Anselm. It is defined as "an argument (or set of arguments) that tries to prove the existence of God from the very concept of God "

(BQ glossary). Its reasoning is that if God has all possible perfection and existence is perfection, then God must exist.

All of these arguments have to do with God creating the universe, but each is showing slightly different perspectives.

In conclusion, I dont look down on people who believe in evolution or the Big Bang theory because everyone is entitled to their own opinions and beliefs, but I cant understand how logically they can agree with it. There is so much information and research on the internet defending creation that has such logical reasonings behind them. I know there is the same information out there about evolution, but there always seems to be gaps in there research that cant be explained or questions that cant be answered. Creation by God just makes perfect sense to me.

"CSE sets out to demonstrate the fallacies and deceptions of modern evolutionary thinking. We believe the Bible is literally true and scientifically accurate. We believe the earth was created in six literal, 4-hour days, about 6000 years ago. We believe dinosaurs have always lived with man. They were called dragons throughout most of human history. Noah took them on the ark (probably juveniles--just be sure to get a pink one and a blue one!). After the Flood, people killed most of them. There are probably a few small ones still alive today in remote parts of the world." (Hovind, 18)

"Evolutionism is a religious worldview not supported by science, Scripture, popular opinion, or common sense. The exclusive teaching of this dangerous, mind-altering philosophy in tax-supported schools, parks, museums, etc. is a clear violation of the First Amendment."

--Dr. Kent Hovind (CSE Ministry, www.drdino.com)

The following time-line charts show the time differences presented. If the evolution chart were drawn to the same scale as the creation chart (1 inch = 750 years--at least in our printed material), the evolution chart would have to be 41 miles long!! The entire theory of evolution is built upon the faulty assumption that the origin of the universe was billions of years ago (BYA). The human mind cannot grasp billions of years. As with most fairy tales, evolution relies on long ago and far away to make the impossible seem true. My advice Dont bet your life on evolution!

Ten years is a long time. On the creation chart it would be .01 inch (the thickness of a piece of paper); on the evolution chart it would be invisible.

Few people will live 100 years. Lincoln was President over 10 years ago which is only .17 inch on the creation chart and invisible on the evolution chart.

Columbus sailed more than 500 years ago (/ of an inch). The entire creation chart of 6,000 years would be .000004 inches (still invisible) on the evolution chart! The entire fictitious geologic column of 600 millions years would be only .4 inch (less than 1/4 inch on the evolution chart at the scale it is drawn here.

(CSE Ministry Creation Science Evangelism, 18, www.drdino.com)

Works Cited

1. "7-Day Creation Figurative or Literal?", Michaelonson, 001, www.biblehelp.org

. "The Existence of God and the Beginning of the Universe, Truth A Journal of Modern Thought ", William Lane Craig, 15, Leadership U., www.evcforum.net

. Cosmological Argument, The Big Questions, Robert C. Solomon, 18

4. Argument from Design, The Big Questions, Robert C. Solomon, 18

5. Ontological Argument, The Big Questions, Robert C. Solomon, 18

6. Creation/Evolution Time Lines, CSE Ministry Creation Science Evangelism, 18, www.drdino.com

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Chruch and State

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Chruch and State. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Chruch and State paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Chruch and State, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Chruch and State paper at affordable prices! Thomas Jeffersons reply on January 1, 180, to the Danbury Baptists Association contains a piece of text that to many explains the religious clause in the first amendment. The First amendment states, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or aidging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances," an amendment that has been under scrutiny on all sides. The first phrase according to the Liary of Congress is the segment Jefferson was referring to when he wrote his final letter. In the final letter Jefferson states," Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church & State. Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties." To build a stronger case one must look at the original draft also available from the Liary of congress where in the same paragraph he states," Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man & his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; thus building a wall of eternal separation between Church & State. Congress thus inhibited from acts respecting religion, and the Executive authorized only to execute their acts, I have refrained from prescribing even those occasional performances of devotion, practiced indeed by the Executive of another nation as the legal head of its church, but subject here, as religious exercises only to the voluntary regulations and discipline of each respective sect, confining myself therefore to the duties of my station, which are merely temporal, be assured that your religious rights shall never be infringed by any act of mine and that. The difference between the final and the original is that the final is less aggressive and takes more of colorful tone. In either case it is clear that Jefferson did not believe a government body should be influenced by a religion because a "sects" leader might influence the decisions of a governing individual obstructing the purity of personal choice.

On September 7, 00, the ten commandments display supported by Judge Roy Moore was denied an appeal to have the monument replaced by the supreme court by a vote of three to six. Judge Moores argument is that the monument was to be in likeness of the supreme courts monument in that it was made to be a tribute of how our government was formed and that it was not to be secular and for those that thought it was were searching for a theocratic government and no American should want that. Despite his argument the supreme court rejected his appeal stating it was a conflict between church and state.

In my views in regards to church and state I believe as Jefferson believed. If you look at history and see how wars like the crusades and every other holy war was started the governing body gained nothing by fighting over a religious belief with nothing but faith as their proof of authenticity. However the one exception is the United States, but we fought for religious freedom to practice our own individual faiths unobstructed by a governing body (amendment 1). With that said it would be foolish to say that our government is not already influenced by ones beliefs, but it is that denying of an individuals beliefs to be forced upon ones community and only the people with in their household that makes our democracy work. So do I believe in a separation between church and state by all means especially because by accepting ones religion we might deny anothers beliefs or happiness. If it aintoke dont fix it.

Please note that this sample paper on Chruch and State is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Chruch and State, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Chruch and State will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

How to study for a test

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How to study for a test. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How to study for a test paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How to study for a test, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How to study for a test paper at affordable prices! Process Essay

How to Study for a Test

When people hear the word test, they cringe, and get the feeling they dont remember anything. Well, I am here to teach you a few great techniques on how to improve your study skills, and also improve your memorization techniques. After reading this short how to, you will have a better understanding of your own capabilities. The key to doing well on a test is preparation.

Preparation, as I stated, is the key to getting ready to study for a test. The first thing you need to do, in order to become prepared, is write down when the test takes place; the time, date, and class. The next step is to find out what will be covered on the test, for example, what chapters, the pages, and any lectures or in class assignments. Next, you need to bookmark the areas in the book that you plan to study. And last in the preparation, set a date, and time to study. Make sure that you got enough sleep, because information is better retained when enough sleep was had. Study in a quiet, relaxing environment, such as a liary. Once this is done, you are ready for memorization techniques. Write my paper on How to study for a test for me Once you have prepared yourself, and found a quiet place, you are ready to improve on your memory techniques. First, open up your book, and scan the chapter. While you are scanning the chapter, write down words that catch you eye, and also get the basic idea of every paragraph into your thoughts. When you are finished scanning the chapter, write down questions, that you want answers to. After you have questions written down, you need to go back and really read the chapter again; while you are reading, keep the questions in your mind. When you are done reading, go back and see if you can answer the questions that you came up with.

Once you are finished answering your own questions, make your own outline of what you have read. The outline should consist of the main idea of each paragraph, and at least two supporting ideas. When the outline is complete, you are ready to read over your class notes. I suggest doing the same for the class notes that you have done with the book. Step one, scan; step two, question; step three, read; and step four, outline.

Understanding what you have read is very important in studying for a test. In order to understand, you might create pictures in your mind, to help with visualizing an idea. Some of you remember better if you recite and repeat the information. Recite the information while you are reading, and repeating the information after you have read. Others might have an easier time to organize their ideas that you have read, and associate those ideas with other ideas, for example, use a mnemonic device. Some of you might remember R.O.Y.G.B.I.V. for the colors in a spectrum for science, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

After you have a clear understanding of what you have read, you can also talk it out. Talking it out is similar to a study group. If you dont have anyone to study with, you can always read your notes, and outlines out loud. Tape recording the information is also useful to get a better idea, and to make sure that the information is pulled together. Pulling the information together is very important; it helps you remember.

Understanding the memory process will help you understand how to improve upon it. The first step in the memory process is, intention, your willingness to learn. The second step is, observation; you are alert to the information, and attentive. The third step is, organization; you make sense of the information. The fourth is, retention; you record and store the information. Recall is the last step; it is how well you remember the information.

Memory is defined as, the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information. (Websters Dictionary) By improving your memory skills, you are also improving your study techniques. Tests are not meant to scare you, or make you cringe; they are designed to test your knowledge. Once you have an understanding of memory, and study techniques, you will have a better understanding of how to take a test. Studying is the key factor to asses how much you know for a test, and following this guide, will let you improve not only your study habits, but also your grades, or test anxiety. You are now ready to begin preparing for a test.

Please note that this sample paper on How to study for a test is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How to study for a test, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on How to study for a test will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Locomotion: Structure related to function

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Locomotion: Structure related to function. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Locomotion: Structure related to function paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Locomotion: Structure related to function, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Locomotion: Structure related to function paper at affordable prices! Biology

Structure is related to function

Nameodie Kenyon

Teacher Mrs. FirthDue Date 4th March

Table of Contents

Page 1 - Title Page

Page - Table of Contents

Page - Sketching Toad

Page 4 - Fish

Page 5 - Bird

Page 6 - Cat

Page 7 - Lizard

Page 8 - Dog

Page - Introduction

Page - Adaptations of Skeletal Structure

Page - Class locomotion Compare and Contrast

Page 1 - Conclusion

Page 14 - Bibliography

Adaptations of Skeletal Structure

Skeletal structure differs for the locomotion of all species. Locomotion refers to the movement of an animal from one place to another4, many reasons for locomotion include searching for food, escape from predators, find a mate or in search for better living conditions. Many modes of locomotion include burrowing to swimming into large depths of water or from air to water and vice versa. All forms of locomotion require exertions of energy and force on their surrounding environment, using both muscular and non-muscular movements. Adaptations in joints and bone structure enable each species to migrate from positions in any way that they need to.

Joints and structure adaptations in class Aves (bird) are important for their locomotion. Birds are well adapted and suited for aerial mode of life that their whole organization and body structure is based on this mechanism. Since flight imposes a large surface weight ratio, birds are commonly small compared to other mammals. This short body creates less surface area for gravity to pull them down to surface. Birds bodies are small and have large amount of feathers upon its body, which are used for heat insulation and flight. There are different kinds of feathers on different parts of the body, meant for different functions. The alteration of forelimb to wing is the most important adaptation to flight. There are two free carpals; and the rest of the wrist is made of three metacarpals, the rather large pectoral muscles, making a larger part of the weight of the body produces the active movements of aerial locomotion. The muscle in the arm itself serves to extend the whole wing and to change the positions of the parts which assist with the aerodynamics and powered flight of the bird. The larger the bird, the more force which needs to be generated to maintain its flight pattern which is why most birds are short, light skeletal structural adaptations and aerodynamic posture. Gliding flight is economical in energetic terms as to powerful flapping flight. Aerofoil is also used to generate lift in all type of flight the size and shape of the orientation of the aerofoil determines the flight performance.

Most characteristic adaptations occur in the skeleton. Bones are light, and most of the birds have extensions of the air sacs. Sternum contains a large keel for the connection of muscles, the final tail verteae is merged. By the presence of the keel, with its muscles, the centre of gravity is below the centre of pressure, giving great stability. The joints of the verteal column are compacted so that there is only movement in the cervical region. Limbs and girdles are also altered and great fusion of bones takes place. The neck is stretched and highly mobile. The trunk is plump, boat-shaped and is the larger part of the body. They have two pairs of limbs which are against the trunk when the animal is not flying. As shown in fig 1 each wing shows three typical divisions as do most animals upper arm, forearm and hand.

The shape of the wings and evolution of the muscles depend on the type of the flight that they wish to endure. The hind limbs are placed in a position that they can carry the entire body weight when they are on the ground.

Class Mammalian involves a less technical procedure for locomotion throughout their environment. Mammals are verteates by definition, this means that all mammals have an internal bony support structure to which muscles and ligaments are attached4. With basic joint and bone structure enables basic movement against the force of gravity. With mammals travelling on the surface of Earth a majority of the weight is transferred directly onto the surface. The main structure of the locomotion for mammals is the pelvic girdle. With both limbs departing from this structure, it becomes valuable for the precise movement of both limbs. Mammals consist of a head at one end of a verteal column from which extend ribs to support the working organs and four limbs for locomotion. The verteal column ends in a tail but the huge range of lifestyles and habitats utilised by mammals means that a great deal of variety exists between different groups. Some species lack a tail, others lack apparent hind limbs and the skull is very variable7. The skull in early stages consists of a very cartilagous structure, containing minimal bone, but as the body develops so does the bone structure throughout the body.

Amphibian locomotion differs as they are in both water and land, the skeleton design is highly specialised. Amphibians contain short, barely flexible verteal column. Particularly the toad contains an unusual wishbone shaped pelvic girdle. The hind limb, proximal pair of ankle bones are separate and elongated5. Therefore different amphibian species migrate in varied ways. The main action for locomotion is the bending of the elbow1. The toad transfers positions using mainly strong, flexibly hind limbs, with a great outreach and forceful propulsion on the surface. With great movement in all pelvis region, knees and especially ankle region shows that they are able to conduct swimming locomotion as well as land.

Class Osteichthyes (Fish) skeletal structure differs throughout their species and are present in many varying forms all over the world. The main difference between shapes of individual species would firstly concern the need for them to travel through a resistant fluid with varying densities, pressures and drags. With a combination of these problems each species has developed, sometimes radically, different body profiles, many have developed torpedo shaped bodies to counteract the drag and glide through the water5. The caudal fin is probably the most important attachment used for acceleration as it whips through the water generating acceleration throughout their environment. Sideways curvature in the spine moves in a posterior direction to ensure basic direction and adaptation to their swimming environment. The swimming procedure starts with lateral displacement of head, and then passage of this displacement along the body axis to the tail1, similar to peristalsis motion to force the structure through using energy powering force. This Eel-like swimming characteristic is more energy efficient than power stroking using fins.

The lizard (Reptilia) is evolved from the class amphibian. With very fast rear limb movements, requires the lizard to have full mobility at the knees8. These very fast land animals have a basic locomotive structure. When the travel they also use the wave like motion similar to a fish, which enables them to be aerodynamic and not exert as much energy to move. With a lateral flexible spine allows side movement similar to the fish. They contain fine bones underneath the mandible so when they flare the frill neck is at a constant output8. Locomotion is common with these animals so adaptations are similar with all species.

The dog (Canis familiaris) and the cat (Felis silvestris) are both mammals, but even though they seem so similar there are varying differences in locomotion structure and skeleton structure. The movements in the neck are slightly limited to the dog when compared to the cat. Many differences which can be identified are that cats have a more curved and flexible spine. The have a longer tail and typically smaller animal. The body structures are typically the same, only differs slightly in the limb structure. Cats are particularly flexible; this is due to the structure of their body. Cats have 0 spinal verteae which extends all the way to the tip of the tail. This is 5 more than is found in humans, also Scapulae (shoulder bones) which are attached to the sides of the body by muscle, pliable discs of the bone-like substance fiocartilage, a small floating clavicle attached to the body by muscle and strong hind legs which are longer than the forelegs, this enables them to jump long distances and climb vertical structures.

Locomotion is important in all species whether its for food or defensive actions, Skeletal structure is important to ensure locomotion is accurate in direct and prevent injuries. Basically skeletal structure is the bony section of the body and holds everything together. Without locomotion and moving parts, species would be still and not able to move. Skeletal structure even helps stimulateeathing by putting pressure on the lungs. Locomotion is important in everyday life for interaction feeding and daily habits. The design of locomotive structure determines the energy exertion amount and preserves energy for other activities. Finally adaptations in joints and bone structure enables each specific species to migrate from positions in any way they require to and live as modern day verteates.

1. Alexander, R. McN. "Size, speed, and buoyancy adaptations in aquatic animals". Am. Zool. 0 (18)

. own, R. H. J. (16). "The flight of birds". Biol. Rev. 8

. Cambell, Mitchell and Reece "Biology Concepts & Connections, nd Edition" Addison Wesley Lonmgman Inc. (17), Lisa Moller

4. Knox, Ladgies, Evans and Saint "Biology nd Edition" McGraw-Hill Companies (001) Australia, NSW

5. M.J Lighthill "Hydromechanics of Aquatic Animal Propulsion" Ann. Rev Fluid. Mech. Vol 1 (16)

6. http//www.boneroom.com/bone/animalskel.html 5/0/0

7. http//www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk/Research/oceans/people/Michael_Sfakiotakis/IEEEJOE_.pdf (1) 1/0/0

8. http//www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/reptiles/lizard/Lizardprintout.shtml (00) 0/0/0

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