Remuneration

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The real wage of the average worker in the United States has fallen 1 percent in the last 0 years, while the average chief executive officer (CEO) has received a pay raise of over 00 percent (Crystal, 11). This glaring contrast has sparked an explosion in academic research on executive compensation. The argument that Crystal (11) proposed, ¡°just about all of the rational factors you can think of, taken together, don¡¯t play a big role in determining executive pay¡±, is dominant in this medium. Despite this fact, research on executive paychecks has continued to grow as the literature is truly interdisciplinary across the fields of economics, finance and accounting, industrial relations, organizational behavior and strategy (Murphy 1).

Labour economists have drawn upon many conclusions on executive remuneration from a large theoretical and empirical interdisciplinary literature. They argued that executive remuneration offers opportunities to analyze many concepts of the economics of managerial labor market. Hence, in this essay I am going to explore these opportunities by looking at the functioning market in the captioned perspective.

The managerial labor market, which contains a range of firms that are with managerial jog openings and a range of potential managers who have different human capital characteristics, has two sides. On the one hand, the demand side, which is made up of employees who produce goods and services, and employers who purchase executive effort, concerns paid managerial labor as a function of the latter¡¯s pay and productivity. On the other hand, the supply side composes executives who are assumed to switch firms according to the characteristics of the firm and the salary. By understanding the two sides and the disciplining effect of the managerial labor markets, firms can identify the market forces that determine the optimal executive remuneration contracts so as to maximize firm value (Fama 180, Fama & Jensen 18). The use of such knowledge align with the understanding of managerial behavior with owners¡¯ interests can help firms to choose corporate policies that best signal their own value to the labor market such as CEO remuneration. Since one of the most important objectives of firms is to maximize their value, executives are disciplined into undertaking strategies preferred by the stockholders that maximize the firm¡¯s stock price (Fama 180). Hence, suggesting the major functioning of managerial labor market are to determine the rational level and structure of remuneration package and to reflect the managerial labor market¡¯s control of executives¡¯ behavior to maximize firm value. Cheap essay writing services offer help on Remuneration Despite the fact that executive remuneration schemes across firms and industries are substantially heterogeneous and complex, it can boiled down to four basic elements a base salary, bonus, stock options and long term incentive plans. I will examine these in turns. First, base salary for executives is a key component of the pay package. It represents the ¡° fixed component¡± in executive contracts. Second, bonus is paid annually based on accounting profit, budget, prior-year performance or incentive zone. Third, stock options are agreements that the executive may purchase from the firm at any time within a stated period or a given number of shares of its stock at a price specified on the date of granting (Easton & Rosen 18). This, with regards to political, economic, mechanical and behavioral factors, has made it the most pronounced method in executive remuneration in the last two decade (Murphy 1). This is because it relates the executive¡¯s income most directly to the concern of shareholders, i.e. the value of the firm. Finally, the long- term incentive plan, which is based on rolling ¨C average -or-5-year cumulative performance.

As I have stated before, the major function of the managerial labor market is to set a rational level and structure of the executive remuneration package so to maximize the firm¡¯s value, i.e. the executive remuneration reflects the managerial labor market¡¯s control of executives¡¯ behavior to maximize firm value. Hence, making the relationship between executive remuneration and company¡¯s performance the fundamental concern.

In order to understand this concern, we have to examine the agency theory as it is the principal theory guiding research on the pay-performance relationship (Berstein 17; Crystal, 15; Lowenstein 16; Gomez-Mejia 14; Gomez-Mejia and Wiseman 17; Fama & Jensen 18; Jensen & Meckling 176).

Agency theory states that many social relationships can be best understood as interactions between two parties principal and an agent. The agent performs certain actions on behalf of the principal, who must delegate some authority to the agent (Jesen and Mecking, 176). By examining the theory, firms can be in a better position when dealing with contract problems that are governed by an exchange between individuals who have divergent interests.

Typical organization in most western countries, which has a corporate structure with thousands or millions of owners, each having a small claim on the firm, can be used to make a clear illustration of the above. Shareholders of the organization are widely dispersed, delegating responsibility to running the business to hired executives. Given their limited control over corporate affairs and executive¡¯s limited stake in the firm¡¯s equity and risk, executive is expected to engage in behavior that promotes their personal wealth, perquisite consumption, job security and prestige but is detrimental to stockholders¡¯ interest in maximizing the value of the firm (Jesen & Mecking 176). The literature on agency theory has suggested that the optimal solution to goal incongruent is to have remuneration contracts that link executive remuneration to the performance of the firm. Hence, through the executive¡¯s holdings of stock, restricted stock, and stock options, an executive remuneration is explicitly tied to the principle¡¯s objective, i.e. the executive wealth is implicitly tied to the stock-price performance through accounting-based bonus and option (Murphy, 1). This in turns suggests that the performance-based remuneration will induce self-interested, utility-maximizing, risk-and-effort-averse agents to act on the behalf of principals who want to increase the value and performance of their firms (Eisenhardt 18; Jesen & Mecking 176). This view, however, has failed to find supportive evidence of such positive relationship (Jesen & Murphy 10; Kerr & Bettis 187; Mceachern 175; Rich & Larson 184). These researchers have claimed that the relationship between executive remuneration and firm performance is either nonexistent or is of a very weak nature, that is, remuneration is significantly unrelated to the firm¡¯s performance (Crystal 11) or if related, then only related to the short-term performance (Rapport 178). In contrast, some studies claim that the executive remuneration is more closely related to the firm¡¯s size than to the firm¡¯s profits (McGuire 16). Therefore this inconclusive effect of executive remuneration on the functioning of managerial labor market hasought a great puzzle to the researchers.

Therefore, to understand the functioning of managerial labour market, alternate mechanisms and criteria outside the agency framework are examined. These mechanisms include marginal productivity theory, internal and external market theory, board control theory, information-processing theory and social comparison theory, will be examined in turns.

Marginal productivity theory views the managerial labor market as perfectly competitive, that is there are a large number of individual, perfectly informed buyers and sellers of homogeneous executives. Hence, remuneration, viewed as the price of labor, is seen as being determined by the intersection of labor demand and supply curves in the market. Firm maximizes its profits in the short run by employing executives up to the point where the executive remuneration equals executive¡¯s marginal revenue product (MRP). It equals to executive¡¯s marginal physical product (MPP) multiplied by marginal revenue (MR). According to economists, executives are assumed to be highly mobile and fully informed and would supply their labor service to the highest bidder. Executive supply and demand are quicklyought into a state of equiliium through executives moving from one firm to another in response to opportunities to obtain higher earnings. Thus, by looking at the profit-maximizing firm¡¯s short-run demand curve for executives, which is the schedule of its marginal revenue product, executive remuneration can be determined by the value of his contribution to the firm.

Another influential theory regarding the internal and external managerial labor market of executive pay is made by Fama (180). He argued that the external labor market exerts many direct pressures on the firm to sort and compensate executives according to performance. Hence, there is a natural process of monitoring from higher to lower levels of management, i.e. each executive is concerned with the performance of executive above and below him since his marginal product is likely to be positive of their. This leads to a careful consideration of the mechanics, which the potential executives used to seek information about the responsiveness of the system in rewarding performance. Thus this market mechanism ensures the rights of shareholders and the rights of the top management are respected.

The third theory views the board as the legal representative and formal guardian of stockholders¡¯ interests, i.e. the board members have the task to oversee and ratify managements¡¯ decisions and to evaluate reward and sanction executives¡¯ performance (Bacon &own, 175). Research has focused on twooad factors, executive duality and the proportion of outsiders on a board in evaluating the influence the board exerts in setting executive pay. Finkelstein and Hamick (18) found no evidence of a relationship between executive remuneration the percentage shareholdings of outside directors. Furthermore, Boyd (14) found that ¡° contrary to expectations, the ratio of insiders was negatively associated with compensation¡±. Other work has also shown that the proportion of outside directors appointed to a board by its executive has a positive effect on executive remuneration (Main, 14). This theory also suggests that there is a threat of board actions and termination in response to observed managerial inefficiency or opportunism, which is likely to impel executives to refrain from behavior that is in conflict with stockholders¡¯ interests. Thus the characteristics of the board such as its structure and its effectiveness are key determinants on the executive remuneration and the sensitivity of the relationship between remuneration and performance.

Information-processing theory is very important when contributing on the recent work on executive remuneration as it focuses on the substantive nature of the job performed by executives on the social and political context of their pay. There are several reasons for expecting the remuneration of executive is in accordance to the information processing demands they face instead of the firm¡¯s performance. First, information-processing tasks are a major part of executive¡¯s jobs and the execution of such tasks is critical to organizational functioning and performance (Eisenhardt 18; Galaith 17; Halrblian & Finkelstein 1; Minzberg 17; Thompson 167). Second, executives¡¯ jobs vary considerably in the information-processing demands they create. The common theme of such research is around those demands that are significantly affected by three firm-level factors (1) the number and interdependence of a firm¡¯s business activities. () the technologies the firm employs and ( ) the management used to administrate the firm (Chandler 16; Dafe & Lengel 186; Galaith 17; Gresov 18; Hill & Hoskisson 187; Jones & Hill 188). This theory, therefore, shows that executives who face particularly high information-processing demands due to the diversification approach to technology their firms adapted will be expected to be paid more, as their ability to cope with these demands allow them to make larger marginal contributions to firm performance (Henderson & Fredrickson 16). In an informational efficient executive labor market, it is unrealistic to expect changes in executive pay to be closely related to firm performance measure, i.e. it has a low sensitivity of pay-for-performance.

Finally, the use of social comparison theory provides us an understanding of socio-psychological explanation of remuneration. This theory is based on the remise that individuals have the need to evaluate their opinions and abilities. They compare with others who have similar abilities and opinions. In the case of managerial labor market, the implication is that the remuneration committee will set the pay of executives who are perceived to be slightly better by striking a balance between providing financial incentives to executives to improve firm performance and avoiding a binding ¡°participation constraint¡± (Smith & Stnabsju 15). That is to ensure that executives remain loyal to firms by offering levels of pay comparable to the external labor market alternatives.

So far, I have discussed what factors determine the executive remuneration and how they effect on the firm¡¯s performance from the economics, psychological and sociological perspectives. However, these are not sufficient enough to understand the functioning of the managerial labour market fully. Recent work, perhaps responding to the difficulties with traditional economies-based research on remuneration, has begun to move beyond established frameworks and suggests some new factors that may influence the remuneration-setting process. Managerial discretion, efficient wages model, tournament models (Lazer & Rosen 181; Rosen 186), resource dependence theory etc are some examples of paradigms that explain executive pay, which have moved the stream of research on executive remuneration forward greatly.

To sum up, research on executive compensation has a long history. Much of this work has adopted the economics perspective, which views social, political or strategic factors as the determinants of executive pay. In this essay, I have tried to explore the functioning of managerial labor market based on the existing comprehensive theoretical and empirical literature on executive remuneration. My conclusion is that although the pay for performance is consistent with agency theory, the relationship between executive remuneration and performance is more complex than the empirical research has presumed. Since the extent to which the functioning of managerial labor market is effected by the executive remuneration is still inconclusive, aoader perspective should be adopted by firms in order to have a better understanding of the functioning of managerial labor market from the executive remuneration stand.

Please note that this sample paper on Remuneration is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Remuneration, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Remuneration will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE.

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. paper at affordable prices! The political socialization of individuals influences their political culture, which in turn affect their political behavior. Political participation is one aspect of political behavior that is of great importance to politicians because of its potential impact on overall voter turnout, societal satisfaction and ultimately the win or loss of an election. For centuries, citizens of democratic societies have participated in the political affairs of their country. This participation has in more recent years however varied from conventional to more unconventional methods.

Political socialization as defined by Dr. Trevor Munroe is "the ways and means through which our views about politics, and our values in relation to politics are formed." Although not consciously obvious, there are agents that are identified as actively involved during political socialization. The primary agents, the family and peer groups, are characterized by their direct influence and unstructured or informal nature. The family is considered primary because at this level, individuals are first exposed to and taught the basic norms, values and ideas that are similar to their parents/guardians. During political discussions at home, the political identity of parents would possibly be transferred from the adults to the children. Peer groups are also thought to be primary despite not being the first agent to create an impression. Children form alliances from an early age and information is exchanged constantly. Evidence of the power of peer groups are apparent within many societies and may arguably be a direct result of economic constrains or the growth of idealisms such as feminism that have changed the roles of women. Where the family falls short, peer groups pick up the slack. The secondary agents of political socialization are very structured and formal. Examples of these are the mass media, the educational system, political parties and religious institutions. These agents indirectly impact the behavior of individuals and their attitudes towards authority; nevertheless, their effectiveness cannot be overlooked. In Jamaica for example, during designated election campaign periods, the two major parties have traditionally been associated with specific colors and symbols for identifying support for either. Party supporters loyally endorsed their support by wearing the chosen colors (red for socialists, green for the laborites) and by public display of hand symbols (fist for socialists, two finger V sign for laborites).

During political socialization, the political culture of a country, society or community is transferred and developed within individuals. For example, the child in Cuba who is nurtured with pro Fidel Castro teachings and positive attitudes toward their country will, if all things remain equal, be patriotic to his country and its development. Cubans who have tried and been trying to escape by boats have most likely been influenced by western propaganda. Most Cubans who still live in Cuba under the Castro regime, are very happy and satisfied with their way of life. There are three distinct types of political culture that may exist within any given society. The participatory �very active citizens, subjective more passive persons, or parochial citizens more concerned with their personal and immediate surrounds. Most countries are indicative of a combination of parochial and participatory. The four major factors that influence changes in political culture are firstly, information accessibility and availability. With the advancements in technology within the last century, computers have become more affordable, Internet access has increased globalization possibilities and the media now have larger volumes of readers and listeners. Secondly, a change in the governments performance will influence the level of importance that the public attaches to politics. The correlation between public confidence and governments ability to provide satisfactorily for their people is undeniable. Thirdly a change in the political regime or the definition of the state also affects citizens political culture. When Jamaica became independent in 16, the countrys political culture changed. Lastly, and possibly most powerful is, a change in the economic structure of a society can strongly affect the political culture. During the existence of the USSR, their economy was extremely strong and prices remained constant for 40 years. The changes in the economy after reformation greatly changed their political culture.

Political participation can take the form of conventional methods, for example voting or signing petitions, the more unconventional avenues of boycotts, street demonstrations. Voting as an avenue of political participation appears to be declining as a choice for Jamaicans. Voter turnout has fallen from a high of 86% in 176 to a record low of 67% in 17. More increasingly citizens appear to be losing confidence in the political system, which has failed to solve problems of unemployment, crime and a stagnant economy. Another reason for the decline of voting, as an option is that general elections are held every 4 years, citizens are therefore not left with many other ways of having policies affected or their voices heard. After citizens have tried to more passive approaches of demonstrating and gotten no results, experience has shown that after blocking the roads, results have been more forthcoming. It is logical to deduce that people demonstrate because they are so motivated by various frustrations.Jamaica

In Jamaica, between 186 and 11, the number of roadblock increased form to 4. By 17, there was an increase of 165 more roadblocks, approximately 4% Renewing Democracy into the Millennium, Dr. Trevor Munroe. Demonstrating in the street is not altogether illegal or necessarily discouraged. According to the constitution, citizens have the right to demonstrate as an extension of democratic process, provided the activities remain within the limits of the law. . Interest groups such as Amnesty International and Jamaicans for Justice have had demonstrations that increased public awareness and caused effective changes. In April 1, in response to an increase in gas prices Jamaica was rocked by island wide demonstrations that left the nations commerce, educational system, tourism sector, public transportation and average citizens virtually crippled for three days. The domino effect of which, is loss in overall revenue and economic growth for Jamaica. It is arguable that a favorable response was received from blocking the roads and locking down the country. The initial price hikes were removed immediately; violent street demonstrations had resulted in a policy change. Within a month however, the price of gasoline returned to the original increased amount. In the long run, many Jamaicans who partook in the demonstrations were unaware of the price change until it was too late. The country then had to work even harder to regain its economic footing. The damage to the streets, buildings, vehicles and other assets are now born by the taxpayer. A positive result of the street demonstration was that their voices were heard. President of the Private Sector Association of Jamaica (PSOJ) Peter Moses was named chairman of theoad-based committee constituted by Prime Minister P.J Patterson to examine the gas price hike and recommend adjustments. Although the desired effect of a reduction in the price hike was not authorized, it should be noted that an alternative avenue of participation was created, the committee heard from and responded to suggestions made by concerned citizens.

Guyana

In Guyana, ethnical politics has traditionally overpowered ideological politics. Recent street demonstrations by the minority party Peoples National Congress (PNC), aimed at forcing President Bharrat Jagdeo to step down have become destructive. In January 001, hundreds of Indo Guyanese were robbed and beaten, some 400 protesters chanting PNC slogans took part in an illegal demonstration over election issues and police used tear gas to disperse them. The hostile demonstrations continued and the ruling party Peoples Progressive Party has remained in power. Even more recently, during the launch of rd Summit of Caricom, an anti-government demonstration of approximately 1000 persons resulted in the shooting death of two by police. While not turning a blind eye to the demonstrations or the root of the problem, the PNC representatives have been urged to take up their seats in Parliament in a bid amicable restore peace to the country. Then President, Janet Jagan was quoted "We as citizens have to help in every way, and I hope we can get back to a normal society where people can talk to one another; where people can raise their issues in parliament, where people can go to the courts for justice, but not on the streets,"

Trinidad

In November 18, media reporters from Trinidad march to protest the physical abuse they sustained form a crowd that was allegedly incited to abuse them by then Prime Minister Basdeo Panday. He publicly declared war on journalists and accused them of being anti United National Congress (UNC). Titled March for Democracy, the protest was not only in the form of street demonstration, but included a proposed boycott from the reporting of government matters, an open letter to Prime Minister Panday, a joint lawsuit and the picketing of Parliament. As a result of their protest, journalist were given police protection at the next UNC meeting three weeks later and offered empathy by other UNC members for the attacks on them.

East Timor

The United Nations General Assembly placed East Timor on the international agenda in 160 when it added the territory to its list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. In 174 while still under the rule of Portugal, what started as street demonstrations led to the outeak of a civil war between those who favored independence and those who advocated integration with Indonesia; An example of the citizens political culture changing due to changes in political regime. Unable to control the situation, Portugal withdrew from East Timor. Indonesia intervened militarily and later integrated East Timor as its 7th province. The United Nations disapproved of this integration and called for Indonesias withdrawal. After several attempt at pacifying the situation, war once againoke out and many East Timorese were killed with as many as 500,000 displaced from their homes. In October 1, the Security Council by resolution 17 established the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), as an integrated, multi-dimensional peacekeeping operation fully responsible for the administration of East Timor during its transition to independence. East Timor is now on the road to rebuilding an even stronger economy with the assistance of the United Nations but many lives were lost and families torn apart before a change was made.

CONCLUSION

In popular political arenas, it is distinctly obvious that an increasing number of potentially active citizens have little faith in the effectiveness of employing conventional means of participating in the running and leadership of their country. It is difficult to truly ascertain a correlation between voter turnout and street demonstrations, due to the limitations of enumerating each citizen or conducting a census. It an be construed that street demonstrations appear to be replacing voting as an avenue of political participation, because of the high frequency with which they occur. Virtually every modern society has been the victim of street demonstrations. The differences however, lie in the degrees of volatility, the political socialization of the people and their existing political culture. The justification of these demonstrations is dependent on the effective changes they stimulate and the quality of the communal environment left in their aftermath.

BIBLOGRAPHY

Munroe, Trevor Dr, (1), Renewing Democracy into the Millennium

Munroe, Trevor Dr, (1), An Introduction to Politics

Chomsky, Noam, (001), A New Generation Draws the Line

The Gleaner

Trinidad Express

Tutorial notes

Please note that this sample paper on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE., we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on QUESTION: HOW FAR AND WITH WHAT JUSTIFICATION IS THE STREET DEMONSTRATION REPLACING VOTING AS AN AVENUE OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION? USE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE CARIBBEAN OR ELSEWHERE. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Home schooling?

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Home schooling?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Home schooling? paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Home schooling?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Home schooling? paper at affordable prices! Surely nobody knows what significant changes will there be centuries later, will our grand grandsons or grand granddaughters be those like Margie and Tommy who were schooled at home by those mechanical ¡¥teachers¡¦ catering for those children¡¦s abilities on studying? No one knows.

Talking about these two kids, I was impressed by the way of their home schooling at home as their so-called ¡¥school¡¦ was totally different from ours now. Instead of going to school, they studied at home with the help of advanced technology at that time. Their teachers were alike robots without characteristics in person, they did what they were ordered. What about handing in homework? That¡¦s a piece of cake, just inserted their homework written in a punch code into the slot .By the time they finished the last-page insertion, the mark had already been calculated. Sounds marvellous, wasn¡¦t it? However, Margie and Tommy didn¡¦t really enjoy learning in that way, Margie even wanted the County Inspector to take away her teacher by the time they found there was a bug in the programme sector of her teacher.

By reflecting the school system we have nowadays, the only thing I share with Margie and Tommy is that we have to learn at regular hours at regular places. I am a little bit luckier than the two kids as I have buddies in school while they have to face that humourless robot without company.

Honestly, I do enjoy study at regular hours as it controls my study time and my study progress stuck to the schedule. However, I am not saying that home-schooling is something we should avoid as a way to gain knowledge. There are two faces to a coin. Even though home-schooling may discourage the development of social and communication skills, it helps to encourage the development of potential abilities at different subjects as a result of adjusting the teaching schedule to fit each kid. Those who are good at Mathematics do not necessarily good at the usage of languages. Only adjusting the teaching process according to students¡¦ ability will help to relieve the learning pressure and find out which fields they are really gifted. After staying at home these days when there is a suspension in schools, I found it tedious to study at home alone. I somehow can understand why Margie keep saying she hate school as in which it means she have to learn new knowledge without interaction with classmates. Self-control is one of the most-needed things while studying alone as you may be distracted easily by temptation like TV , snacks and the Internet. If Margie was not commanded by her mother, I am sure she may keep her teacher waiting till she finished that old book with Tommy. By the way, that is what touch me most as I share the same thing with her whenever I have to put down my favourite book while being snapped by my mother for not studying hard.

Please note that this sample paper on Home schooling? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Home schooling?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Home schooling? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Sally Morgan

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Sally Morgan. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Sally Morgan paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Sally Morgan, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Sally Morgan paper at affordable prices! Sally Morgan

The short passage used from the story "My Place" is written by Sally Morgan. Sally uses different conventions in the passage to position the reader to respond to her story. The conventions used are conflict, point of view and plot.

The conflict of self vs. self and self vs. others is used to position the reader into responding to the passage. The conflict of deciding to stay or leave the car, self vs. self, gets the reader to understand how doing so could lead to some dangers and that that character is accepting to face it. If they kids in the story leave the car they face the danger of boredom and dehydration, while leaving the car they face the danger of being kidnapped. At the end of the passage it shows how one of the sons talks back to his father, self vs. others. This creates the feal for the character and gets the reader to respond by the conflict of father and son. Conflict is used, in this passage, to get readers to respond to the way the characters interact with each other.

The point of view of this story is written in first person, which tells the passage as one of the children. This tells the reader how one person sees whats happening. Point of view positions the reader to accept the values and attitudes and also lets the reader experience what the narrator is sparing, in this case, life as a kid.Tone is used to indicate the writers attitude to something. In this passage the tone is disappointment in the father and from children. The disappointment is the decision from the father and from the children. The kids where told to stay in the car but disobeyed and where at the beach instead. The disappointment from the kids where that their father was meant to be gone for a few minutes but was gone for ages. The tone shows anger and frustration, which get the reader to understand how the kids and the father feel at the same time.

Sally Morgan uses the techniques of conflict, point of view and tone to get the reader to respond to her story well. The use of the techniques also positions the reader to understand Morgans values and attitudes in the story and was a great way to get the reader to respond to her passage.

Please note that this sample paper on Sally Morgan is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Sally Morgan, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Sally Morgan will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Magic Realism in Eva Luna

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Magic Realism in Eva Luna. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Magic Realism in Eva Luna paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Magic Realism in Eva Luna, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Magic Realism in Eva Luna paper at affordable prices! Magic realism is a description of a certain sub genre that combines realism with fantastic and dreamlike elements. This term may be thought as a paradox- magic is not real- but such novels do not create a new world such as fantasy novels do, but suggest that the world is filled with secrets. These magical elements are not questioned and are simply apart of that reality. The mysterious, the beautiful and the amazing are expressed as magical, and perhaps are magical to the human perception of the world. Magic realism and its associated elements and techniques are displayed in Isabel Allendes novel Eva Luna. This novel displays realism alongside magical components that are seen as normal to the characters. It experiments with plot and style, and blurs traditional reactions to subjects. Materials from fairytale-like stories are used, political/social subjects are explored, time is represented as circular, and the paradox of the union of opposites is explored. All these characteristics of magic realism prove Eva Luna to be magic realist literature.

Magic realism uses sharply etched realism in representing ordinary events and descriptive details, according to Aams Glossary of Literary Terms, and such a feature is displayed in this novel. Realism is where things are portrayed as they actually are, without idealisation, and this can blur the lines between good and bad. They paid little attention to Consuelo, who was growing up scorched by the sun, poorly nourished on yucca and fish, infested with parasites, bitten by mosquitoes, free as a bird. In an ideal world, she would have been clean and healthy, but is portrayed more realistically as dirty and unhealthy, yet still happy and free. A more powerful example of realism in the text is where the new, seemingly true love between Eva and Rolf doesnt last. …we loved each other more modestly until that love wore thin and nothing was left but shreds. It shows a painfully more real ending that most relationships dont last. This feature is expressed throughout the novel, proving the realism part of magic realism.

Magic realism involves the inclusion of fantastic and dreamlike elements in an otherwise realistic plot and setting, and this is found in Eva Luna. It clings to reality, but express the magic in that reality.

When she talked about the past, or told her stories, the room filled with light; the walls dissolved to reveal incredible landscapes, palaces crowded with unimaginable objects, faraway countries… She reduced me [Eva] to the size of an ant so I could experience the universe form that smallness; she gave me wings to see it from the heavens.The fantastic elements have an escapism effect, where you are taken to a new world with new rules and amazing features, but these elements stay close to reality. Consuelo simply tells stories that are transformed intoeathtaking adventures through the imagination, but interpreting it on such a level is not necessary- we feel like Eva actually does travel across landscapes and is transformed into animals. This is perhaps the most obvious clue that this novel is magic realism.

The magic is part of the atmosphere of the setting in magic realist novels, and is an important aspect of it. The setting for the beginning of Eva Luna is a missionary surrounded by tropical jungle. It is a real setting, but a magical dimension is added to it. …on piles driven into the mud of a river of opalescent waters whose banks evaporated in the reverberating light. The dwellings seemed to drift amid silent canoes, garbage, carcasses of dogs and rats, and inexplicable white blossoms. Evocative words like opalescent and reverberating light create the image of sunlight sparkling on top of clear water, reflecting everywhere. It is a fantastic and amazing scene that could be described as magical. The second sentence adds a different atmosphere, describing garbage and carcasses, but strangely there are beautiful flowers growing amidst this. Beautiful life is able to prosper in filth, expressing the magic in reality. The use of setting in this novel portrays it as magic realism.

The magical elements in magic realist novels are never found to be strange by the characters, they are simply apart of the world, and this is true for Eva Luna. Magic realism aims to show something common or daily in something unreal or strange.

…and the Palace of the Poor, which for thirty seconds materialised like a hallucination at one side of the road…; Someone [had] ordered the guardia to remove the interlopers, with firearms if necessary, but the officials became lost along the way. They could not evict the occupants because the palace and everything inside had become invisible to the human eye; it had entered another dimension where life continued without aggravation.

The Palace of the Poor is casually described as a building that appears and disappears, that it becomes invisible and enters another dimension. These strange, magical elements do not surprise the inhabitants of this world, they are simply there. This proves that this novel can be described as magic realism.

Magic realist novels violate, in various ways, standard novelistic expectations by experimenting with narrative elements and styles of writing, as is done in Eva Luna. The novels plot wonders, going everywhere without a set central conflict and meaning like most novels. There is no main problem, but many that are resolved one after the other. It is more like a journey, containing many highlights and lessons, closer to a fictionalised autobiography than a novel. This experimentation with style and plot is typical of magic realist literature, demonstrating that Eva Luna can be classified under this sub genre.

Magic realist literature can blur traditional distinctions between what is serious or trivial, horrible or ludicrous, tragic or comic, and Allende does this in Eva Luna. One such example is Elviras coffin. She feared a paupers death, that her bones would be tossed into a common grave, and to avoid posthumous humiliation she had bought a coffin on credit, which she kept in her room. Allende uses assonance, describing posthumous humiliation to add humour into a usually serious topic. The idea of keeping ones coffin in the bedroom is very eccentric, blurring the distinction between the serious and humorous. Displaying this feature proves Eva Luna as magic realism.

Texts with magic realism also contain materials derived from myth and fairy tales, and such material is shown in Eva Luna. At the beginning of the novel a quotation from A Thousand and One Tales of the Arabian Nights is cited Then he said to Scheherazade Sister, for the sake of Allah, tell us a story that will help pass the night…. Scheherazade tells a cruel king stories to entertain and distract him from killing in vengeance of his wifes adultery, and succeeds in doing so for a thousand and one nights. This relates to Eva Lunas ability to tell stories. She tells Rolf a story of his past, where all his pains were changed into happiness. By giving Rolf a new life, reshaped to remove his terrible childhood, he is transformed much like the king in A Thousand and One Tales. By containing material from a tale, Eva Luna is further established to be magic realism.

Politics, revolution and social changes are often explored in these novels, and are sometimes used to make political statements. The many descriptions of the political turmoil in Chile are obvious examples of this. The tribal chieftain - motivated to cooperate after the Army had swept through her village leaving a swath of burning huts, gutted animals, and raped girls - had agreed to take the men [guerillas] across the river and lead them through the jungle. Allende describes the cruel and evil actions of the army, positioning the reader to feel anger against the government and righteousness in the guerilla movement. By exploring politics and revolution, her novel fulfils a trend of magic realist literature.

Time is a common subject, which is frequently displayed as cyclical instead of linear, in magic realist novels such as Eva Luna. Characters that Eva meet earlier on in the novel return again near the end. Elvira, Huberto and Melesio/Mimi reappear in such a manner, suggesting the circular, repetitive nature of time. She revisits Riad Halabi after many years of leaving her father figure/lover. He was exactly as I remembered him, not a minute older… I saw a girl [his wife] who was probably no more than fourteen… this man had rejected me because I was too young. Even events for Riad have been re-occurring, now with another young lover. Eva Luna can be defined as magic realism because of this display of circular time.

Magic realism also concentrates on the paradox of the union of opposites, and in Eva Luna the opposites mainly referred to are life and death. This also relates to time travelling in circles, life and death being a continuous cycle. Once such example is when Eva is conceived when her father was about to die. …soon he tumbled her over and emaced her with the urgency dictated by the proximity of death… And that is how I was conceived, on my fathers deathbed. The close relationship between life and death is examined, as when death comes, it is necessary for us to reproduce and achieve a form of immortality. Another union of these two opposites is when Elvira is saved by her coffin, using it as a raft during a flood. Imagine…all that sleeping in the box so that when death came for me, Id be ready, and then what came for me was life.… The coffin had saved her life. The paradox of being saved by an object that signifies death is obvious. By displaying this feature of magic realism, Eva Luna is proved to be described as such.

Eva Luna displays all the basic elements and trends of magical realism. Sharp realism is shown, portraying things, such as relationships, as they actually are without idealisation. Fantastic and dreamlike elements, entwined with a real setting, are seen as normal to the characters. The novel violates standard novelistic expectations with its wondering plot and autobiographical format. Allende blurs traditional distinctions of what is serious or humorous with Elviras eccentricities. Materials from tales are used and related to, politics, revolutions and social changes are explored, and time is shown as circular. Finally Allende concentrates on the paradox of the union of death and life, binary opposites, fulfilling all magic realist novel expectations and proving that Eva Luna can indeed be described as magic realism.

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Deceptive Women

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Women have a very cunning way to manipulate men. Sometimes they do so without even knowing it. In oneparticular short story, "The Judges Wife" by Isabel Allende women unconsciously alter the men around them. Nicholas Vidal and Jack Potter are among the men who undergo a significant change from the womens influence.

In "The Judges Wife," Nicholas Vidal is a bandit with a hardened heart that is destined to "lose his head over a woman." He restricts himself from emotional encounters with women and hasief encounters with them instead. Preferring "dark-haired andazen women" Nicholas does not hesitate to look at Dona Casilda on her wedding day, because she is pale and her eyes are "filled with wonder and her fingers are obviously unskilled in the art of rousing a man to pleasure." Everyone in town, including Nicholas, does not think Casilda will live long due to the harsh climate of heat and dust.

Judge Hidalgo, "feared throughout the province" and known for his "severity and stubbornness," is not exactly husband material for anyone but especially for Casilda. Perhaps because Casilda is so "soft-spoken" Judge Hidalgo makes a complete transformation. Even though he still dresses the same, his judgments in court have "altered dramatically." There are rumors in town that Judge Hidalgo "rollicks with his children" and "chuckles with Casilda on his lap." Casilda gets the credit for his newfound kindness. After seeing firsthand Casildas impinge on Judge Hidalgo, it is not a surprise that Casilda softens Nicholass soul of hardened iron. When Nicholas encounters Casilda, he is intrigued that for the "first time in his life another person was facing him without fear." At first the only reason Casilda emaces him is to "win time for her children." However, at one point, she gives herself to him completely in gratitude. When she hears the soldiers coming, she tells him to go. He stays with her, though, fulfilling the prophecy that was made when he was born.

Nicholas Vidal has always avoided emotional encounters with women. Casilda is the first woman he ever becomes involved with even though it is not for a long time. He has the choice to either flee from the soldiers and leave Casilda or stay with Casilda and face death. Ultimately he decides to stay with Casilda, emacing her.

Everyone in town thinks Casilda will not survive the harsh conditions of the climate and of Judge Hidalgo. It is ironic that she outlives both Nicholas Vidal, the towns bandit, and the stubborn Judge Hidalgo. In fact, it is even more humorous that she transforms these two men who are the most harsh and powerful in the town.

Please note that this sample paper on Deceptive Women is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Deceptive Women, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Deceptive Women will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!