Stalin

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Stalin. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Stalin paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Stalin, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Stalin paper at affordable prices! Stalin gained the effective leadership of Russia in 1. Stalins time as leader of Russia was to gain fame for three reasons

· 1. The Five Year Plans

· . Collectivisation

· . The Purges Cheap writing services for Stalin papers But what do we know about Stalin?

• he was born in 187

• he came from a poor background; his father was a cobbler and his mother was a peasant

• his real surname was Djugasvili

• he did well at school and won a scholarship to go to a seminary where priests were trained

• it was at this seminary that Stalin turned to Marxism

• he became a follower of Lenin and went to secret meetings and distributed leaflets

• between 10 and 11 he was arrested 8 times and exiled to Siberia. He escaped 7 times!!

• in prison he adopted the name Stalin which translated as Man of Steel. He felt that it would be good for his image

• he was a very good organiser and the part he played in the November 117 Revolution was probably small. But the skills he gained while helping to organise the Bolshevik Party were to prove invaluable

• after 117, he was rewarded with a number of seemingly unimportant party positions which nobody else wanted. But they gave Stalin a perfect insight into who could be trusted to support him and who could not

• Stalin was seen as dull by the intellectual elite of the Bolshevik Party. They all made a fatal mistake in assuming that he was stupid.

When Stalin became the undisputed leader of Russia in 1, he realised that Russia was far behind the west and that she would have to modernise her economy very quickly if she was to survive. Also a strong economy would lead to a strong military if Russia was going to survive threats from external forces. A modernised Russia would also provide the farmers with the machinery they needed if they were going to modernise their farms - such as tractors.

When the job of party secretary came up in 1, Stalin took it on after all the other leading Bolsheviks had turned it down. they didnt take Stalin seriously (referring to him as the Grey blur, because he was happy to stay out of the limelight), but he was determined that when Lenin died he would become the new leader of Russia

I had pictured him to be a large charismatic figure who could hardly fit through the door. After all, thats the way all his statues looked. I had never seen him before,

He waved at us and that was our signal to let our voices ring out in unison Long live Stalin!

Where did Stalin go wrong? I have always said that Gods function is to

protect people as a group, not as individuals. On the other hand, a leaders responsibility is to protect individuals, not the group

Immediately we are alerted to his explosive temper. The heavy dark pressure of the strokes, the emphatic and excessive use of underlining in several words, the many aggressive angular formations of the lower zone and other places, as well as noticeable variations of pressure all attest to his obsessive temperament and desire to dominate and coerce.

He is not just controlling - in his drive for power he is also forceful and tyrranical. He is moody and temperamental and without feeling for others.

We finish with the third `truth about Stalins personality theutal and cold man, of mediocre intelligence, with no consideration for his fellow humans and who had nothing but contempt for his aids.

How was it possible for even gifted and intelligent people to be deceived?

To begin with, Stalin was a strong and vivid personality. When he wanted to do, Stalin knew how to charm people. He charmed Gorky and Barbusse. In 17, the cruellest year of the purges, he managed to charm that tough and experienced observer, Lion Feuchtwanger.

In the second place, in the minds of the Soviet people, Stalins name was indissoluble linked with Lenins. Stalin knew how popular Lenin was and saw to it that history was rewritten in such a way as to make his own relations with Lenin seem much more friendly than they had been in fact. The rewriting was so thorough that perhaps Stalin himself believed his own version in the end.

There can be no doubt of Stalins love for Lenin. His speech on Lenins death, beginning with the words, In leaving us, Comrade Lenin has bequeathed . . . reads like a poem in prose. He wanted to stand as Lenins heir not only in other peoples eyes, but in his own eyes too. He deceived himself as well as the others. Even Pasternak put the two names side by side

Laughter in the village,

Voice behind the plow,

Lenin and Stalin,

And these verses now...

In reality, however, Stalin distorted Lenins ideas, because to Lenin -- and this was the whole meaning of his work -- communism was to serve man, whereas under Stalin it appeared that man served communism.

Stalins theory that people were the little cogwheels of communism was put into practice and with horrifying results. . . . Russian poets, who had produced some fine works during the war, turned dull again. If a good poem did appear now and then, it was likely to be about the war -- this was simpler to write about.

Poets visited factories and construction sites but wrote more about machines than about the men who made them work. If machines could read, they might have found such poems interesting. Human beings did not.

The size of a printing was not determined by demand but by the poets official standing. As a result bookstores were cluttered up with books of poetry which no one wanted. . . . A simple, touching poem by the young poet Vanshenkin, about a boys first love, caused almost a sensation against this background of industrial-agricultural verse. Vinokurovs first poems, handsomely dishevelled among the general sleekness, were avidly seized upon -- they had human warmth. But the general situation was unchanged. Poetry remained unpopular. The older poets were silent, and when they dideak their silence, it was even worse. The generation of poets that had been spawned by the war and that had raised so many hopes had petered out. Life in peacetime turned out to be more complicated than life at the front. Two of the greatest Russian poets, Zablotsky and Smelyakov, were in concentration camps. The young poet Mandel (Korzhavin) had been deported. I dont know if Mandels name will be remembered in the history of Russian poets but it will certainly be remembered in the history of Russian social thought.

He was the only poet who openly wrote and recited verses against Stalin while Stalin was alive. That he recited them seems to be what saved his life, for the authorities evidently thought him insane. In one poem he wrote of Stalin

There in Moscow, in whirling darkness,

Wrapped in his military coat,

Not understanding Pasternak,

A hard and cruel man stared at the snow.

. . . Now that ten years have gone by [Stalin died in 15], I realize that Stalins greatest crime was not the arrests and the shootings he ordered. His greatest crime was the corruption of the human spirit.

His demeanour is kindly, his manner almost depreciatingly simple. . He greeted me cordially with a smile and with great simplicity, but also with a real dignity. . . . Hisown eye is exceedingly kindly and gentle. A child would like to sit in his lap and a dog would sidle up to him.

Stalin does not seek honours. He loathes pomp. He is averse to public displays. He could have all the nominal regalia in the chest of a great state. But he prefers the background

Stalin . . inspires the Party with his will-power and calm. Individuals in contact with him admire his capacity to listen and his skill in improving on the suggestions and drafts of highly intelligent subordinates

Stalin lives in a modest apartment of three rooms. . . . In his everyday life his tastes remained simple almost to the point of crudeness. . . . Even those who hated him with a desperate hate and blamed him for sadistic cruelties never accused him of excesses in his private life. . Those who measure success by millions of dollars, yachts and mistresses find it hard to understand power relished in austerity. . There was nothing remotely ogre-like in his looks or conduct, nothing theatrical in his manner. A pleasant, earnest, ageing man -- evidently willing to be friendly to the first foreigner whom, he had admitted to his presence in years. Hes a thoroughly likeable person, I remember thinking as we sat there, and thinking it in astonishment.

Lyons asked Stalin Are you a dictator? Stalin smiled, implying that the question was on the preposterous side. No, he said slowly, I am no dictator. Those who use the word do not understand the Soviet system of government and the methods of the Communist Party. No one man or group of men can dictate. Decisions are made by the Party and acted upon by its organs, the Central Committee and the Politburo.

In his speeches and writings Stalin always withdrew into the background, speaking only of communism, the Soviet power and the Party, and stressing that he was really a representative of the idea and the organisation, nothing more. . I never noticed any signs of vainglory in Stalin.

Here the same author expresses surprise at the contrast between the real Stalin and the propaganda picture spread of him During my many years in Moscow I never stopped marvelling at the contrast between the man and the colossal likenesses that had been made of him. That medium-sized, slightly pock-marked Caucasian with a moustache was as far removed as could be from that stereotype of a dictator. But at the same time the propaganda was proclaiming his superhuman abilities. (A. Tuominen ibid., p. 155).

June 16 I must say in all conscience, comrades, that I do not deserve a good half of the flattering things that have been said here about me. I am, it appears, a hero of the October Revolution, the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet, the leader of the Communist International, a legendary warrior-knight and all the rest of it. This is absurd, comrades, and quite unnecessary exaggeration. It is the sort of thing that is usually said at the graveside of a departed revolutionary. But I have no intention of dying yet. I really was, and still am, one of the pupils of the advanced workers of the Tiflis railway workshops. (J. V. Stalin Works, Volume 8; Moscow; 154; p. 18).

One goes up to the first floor, were white curtains hang over three of the windows. These three windows are Stalins home. In the tiny hall a long military cloak hangs on a peg beneath a cap. In addition to this hall there are three bedrooms and a dining room. The bedrooms are as simply furnished as those of a respectable, second-class hotel. The eldest son, Jasheka, sleeps at night in the dining room, on a divan which is converted into a bed; the younger sleeps in a tiny recess, a sort of alcove opening out of it. . . . Each month he earns the five hundred roubles, which constitute the meagre maximum salary of the officials of the Communist Party (amounting to between £0 and £5 in English money). . . This frank andilliant man is . . . a simple man. . . . He does not employ thirty-two secretaries, Like Mr. Lloyd George; he has only one. . . . Stalin systematically gives credit for all progress made to Lenin, whereas the credit has been in very large measure his own

Of course, many Soviet citizens admired Stalin and expressed this admiration. But clearly, the cult of personality around Stalin was built up mainly by the concealed revisionists, against Stalins wishes. Why? Possible reasons

Firstly, to disguise the fact that the Party and the Communist International were dominated by concealed revisionists and to present the fiction that these were dominated personally by Stalin; thus blame foreaches of socialist legality and for deviations from Marxist-Leninist principles on their part could later be laid on Stalin;

Secondly, to provide a pretext for attacking Stalin at a later date (under the guise of carrying out a programme of democratisation, which was in fact a programme of dismantling socialism and replacing it with state capitalism.

That Stalin himself was not unaware of the fact that the concealed revisionists were the main force behind the cult of personality was reported by the Finnish revisionist Tuominen in 15, who describes how, when he was informed that busts of him had been given prominent places in Moscows leading art gallery, the Tretyakov, Stalin exclaimed Thats downright sabotage! (A. Touminen op. cit.; p. 164).

Please note that this sample paper on Stalin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Stalin, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Stalin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Voluntary Euthanasia

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Voluntary Euthanasia. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Voluntary Euthanasia paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Voluntary Euthanasia, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Voluntary Euthanasia paper at affordable prices! It is my contention that Euthanasia should be available to those who are of a sound mind at the time of their decision, who suffer from a severe terminal illness.

For the long-term patient, whose prognosis for their quality of life is poor and they cant live their life to its fullest and the quantity of life has been shortened, they should be given the opportunity to exercise euthanasia. People who are suffering from the ill effects of medication that previously eased pain, and have lost the normal everyday functioning of their body such as eating, walking etc - should be able to exercise their free will and carry out their beliefs and choose euthanasia over a life of pain and suffering. This to me is simply existing, not living life to the fullest.

The first reason for voluntary euthanasia being widely available to people is because of the right to live or die. I feel strongly and believe that every individual should have the right to decide about his or her own life and death. The definition of voluntary euthanasia refers to when the person who dies has requested to be allowed to die. Supporters of euthanasia suggest that the individual should have the right to decide when this is so. People have the right to die with dignity and lucidity. Imagine if you were terminally ill and hopelessly incapable of just being able to do the normal things in life like eating.

The second reason for voluntary euthanasia is because it is unfair and cruel to refuse any terminally ill patient the right to die with dignity. Euthanasia is ending the life of someone who is hopelessly sick or injured in order to save them from suffering. If euthanasia is carried out then why not let the individual die with dignity? Furthermore, in certain situations active euthanasia should be allowed for terminally ill patients who request it. No matter what, everybody has the right to make their own decisions and the right to make changes at any time. Many arguments are raised concerning voluntary euthanasia and whether or not the terminally ill patient at the time of the decision is of a sound mind. However, if the individuals state of mind was in the position to make the decision of active euthanasia then I believe it should be carried out.

Not everybody agrees with voluntary euthanasia. There are still many points being raised concerning arguments against active euthanasia.

Many people believe active euthanasia is the deliberate taking of a human life. People who believe this statement really dont understand the significance of the terminally ill patient and if only they could imagine what it would be like for the individual then maybe in reality, more people would realise there is a need for voluntary euthanasia. In a sense, euthanasia would be classed as intentional taking of a human life if the individual didnt give consent and gave no request. But voluntary active euthanasia suggests the person has requested to be killed.

The chances are, we cannot be sure that consent for euthanasia is voluntary. This argumentings forward many aspects about the individuals capability to make a rational decision about active euthanasia. The terminally ill person may undergo a lot of pressure from family, friends or the community, which may have influenced their decision. We need to make sure their right to choose euthanasia was not because of the following reasons that the patient was not depressed, intensely confused through physical illness, and feeling a sense of burden. The individual maybe suffering from easily treatable symptoms and may not need euthanasia. The terminally ill patient may only make a sensible choice if no demented.

Finally, there is always the possibility of mistaken diagnosis, a new cure, or spontaneous remission. According to the Voluntary Euthanasia Society Inc. it is true that new cures are being discovered for such illnesses but they may take years to become accessible. The terminally ill patient may not want to wait in hope for a cure or remission that may never happen.

In conclusion I strongly agree with voluntary euthanasia as I believe it isutal to allow a terminally ill patient to suffer when there is no cure as it not only affects the patient but also family and friends both physically and emotionally. By allowing active euthanasia I hope it wont lead to abuses and should only be used in certain situations. It is a relief for the patient to be laid to rest in peace and not have to suffer any more.

Please note that this sample paper on Voluntary Euthanasia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Voluntary Euthanasia, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Voluntary Euthanasia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Vladimir Lennin

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Vladimir Lennin. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Vladimir Lennin paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Vladimir Lennin, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Vladimir Lennin paper at affordable prices! Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-14)

Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary that was the founder of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). He was also the leader of its first government. He was born April , 1870, in the city of Simbirsk that is now called Ulyanovsk. Lenins father, Ilya Nikolayevich, was a talented man who loved science. He taught mathematics and physics at various schools in the cities of Penza and Nizhni Novgorod. In 186 he was appointed inspector and director of state schools in Simbirsk Gubernia. It is located on the famous Russian river, the Volga. He spent his childhood in Simbirsk and lived in Simbirsk for 17 years.

Lenins first problem with the law was in 1887 when the police arrested and hanged his elderother for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. Later that year Lenin enrolled in Kazan University now Kazan State University. He was expelled as a troublemaker and exiled to his grandfathers estate in the village of Kokushkino. From 1887 to 1888, Lenin studied the classics of European revolutionary thought and Das Kapital that was written by German political philosopher Karl Marx. He soon considered himself a Marxist. Lenin studied law and passed his law examinations in 181. He worked as a lawyer for the poor in the City of Samara before moving to St. Petersburg in 18.

In St. Petersburg Lenin joined a Marxist group. In 185 he helped create the St. Petersburg Union that was working for the struggle of the emancipation of the working Class. Police arrested the leaders of this group and Lenin was put into jail for 15 months along with other union members. One of those in prison with Lenin was Nadezhda Krupskaya who later became Lenins wife. Lenin went with his wife into Siberian exile until 100. One year later he changed his name from V.I. Ulyanov to V.I. Lenin to confuse the police. After Vladimirs exile ended in January 100, he got permission from the government to leave Russia. He left Russia and was joined later by Krupskaya in Munich, Germany. Lenin, along with Georgy Plekhanov, Yury Martov, Paul Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and Alexandr Potresov helped found the party newspaper, Iskra. The editors of Iskra also published Zarya. This was a publication about Marxist theory. In 101 Vladimir Ulyanov began using the name Lenin. Many revolutionaries changed their names to confuse the police.

Iskras success in recruiting Russian intellectuals to Marxism led Lenin and his comrades to believe that the time was right to form a revolutionary Marxist party that woulding together all of the Marxist groups. A First Congress meeting was held in 188 in Minsk. It had failed to achieve its objective, as most of the delegates were arrested shortly after the Congress. The organizing committee of the Second Congress decided to hold the Congress inussels in 10, but pressure from the police forced it to be transferred to London. The Congressional sessions lasted for nearly three weeks. The main points centered on the relation between the party and the proletariat who were the working class.

In 10, the Russian Social Democratic labor party split into two groups. This happened over a dispute about membership. Lenin became the leader of the Bloshinstvo. This was the majority of the members. Lenins group later became known as the Bolsheviks. The other group was known as Menshinstvo. They were the minority. They were also known as the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks wanted to limit the party membership to a small number of full-time revolutionaries. The Mensheviks wanted fewer restrictions on party membership and preferred democratic practices. Lenin once stated, Give us an organization of revolutionaries, and we will overturn Russia!

The differences between Lenin and the Mensheviks became clearer in the Revolution of 105 and its aftermath. During the outeak of the revolution, in January 105, Lenin was in Switzerland. He did not return to Russia until November. On November 8, he returned to St. Petersburg where he directed the activities of both the Central and St Petersburg Bolshevik Committees. He also prepared for an armed uprising. The intensity of the police forced Lenin to flee to Finland in the summer of 106.

From 106 to 108, Lenin spent most of his time writing revolutionary pamphlets. He also was attending party Congresses in England, Germany, and Sweden. Lenin found it too difficult to carry on revolutionary activities in Russia. His main purpose was to keep the Bolshevik organization together. In the spring of 107, Lenin attended one of the most critical meetings where heought his point across with hisutal arguments and strong personality.

In December 108, Lenin arrived in Paris with his wife and mother-in-law. He spent a few nights at a hotel where his sister Maria was staying while pursuing her education. Soon he left to a suburban neighborhood that was quiet and secluded. There they lived the life of gypsies. Lenin set up a printing press for printing magazines to be smuggled to Russia. He also successfully stopped a rebellion in the ranks of the Bolsheviks at the Fifth Conference of the Social Democratic Party. Some of the former revolutionaries didnt like his methods of violence and armed uprising. They wanted to get rid of the left wing of the party and wanted a more tolerant approach to the problems.

In the spring of 110, Lenins troubles increased. He was seen in the company of a woman who was not his wife. Her name was Elisabeth Armand. She was a mother of five children and a woman of great charm. Elisabeth was known for her adventures and Lenin saw her as a tried and devoted revolutionary. She had worked as a messenger for the Bolsheviks and was arrested many times and was exiled for two years.

In April 11, in St Petersburg, several Bolsheviks established Pravda (Truth). This was a revolutionary newspaper that sold openly and Lenin became its chief contributor.

World War I began two years later. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 114. The war took Lenin by surprise. As a Russian living on Austrian soil, Lenin was in a bad situation. He immediately found the assistance from a friend, Ganetsky, who was an Austrian. Ganetsky telegraphed for assistance to a Social Democratic member of parliament in Vienna. He was unable to do anything before the police searched Lenins house and found a notebook full of diagrams and statistics circled and boxed by Lenin that dealt with his battle plans. He was ordered to take a train and surrender to the police at Nowy Targ. Lenin was later released on August 1. The reason he was released was that Victor Adler, a socialist deputy, met the Interior Minister and convinced him that Lenin was an enemy of the czarist government.

The Austrian Government made Lenin go to Switzerland, which did not take part in the war. The Russian revolutionaries split into two groups. One group favored a Russian victory. The group headed by Lenin, worked for Russias defeat. Through these opposing groups they both aimed for the goal of world revolution. After the war began, Germany supplied money to some revolutionaries including Lenin. The Germans thought the revolutionaries would weaken the Russian war effort. In 115, Lenin promised the Germans that if he came to power that he would sign a peace treaty.

On September 5, 115, Lenin attended an international socialist conference requested by the Italian Socialist Party at Zimmerwald. It is near Berne. In a short manifesto signed by eight delegates, he proposed a new slogan, civil war, not civil peace." He also put forward some new ideas but they were defeated. In January 116 Lenin went with Krupskaya to live in Zurich.

In 117, Russia was losing the war. Russian workers went on strike and by March , about 00,000 strikers were protesting in the capital. The soldiers refused to maintain order and the Soviet workers and soldiers had sprung up in Russia during the revolution of 105. On March 1, 117, a group called the "Soviet of Workers" and "Soldiers Deputies" was established in Petrograd.

Czar Nicholas II gave up the throne on March 15, and a democratic government was established. The Petrograd Soviet shared control of Russia with the Government. The Bolsheviks demanded all power to the Soviets.

In May 1 Lenin suffered the first of his strokes. A little less than a year later he suffered a second one. Lenin wanted to make sure that Trotsky rather than Stalin would succeed him. Lenin was unsuccessful, as Stalin was far too clever for Lenin. In 1 his health got worse and he had another stroke which left him paralysed and speechless. Lenin never fully recovered and died of a cereal haemorrhage (stroke) on January 1, 14. The dream of Lenin continued on in the form of the U.S.S.R. but his dream lost out in the l80s to freedom and democracy.

Time Line

1870 Born in the town of Simbirsk on April 10 (New Style, April ).

187 Entered school for the first time.

January 4, 1886 Vladimirs father died.

1887 Vladimir finished schooling.Won a gold medal for excellence in studies.Enrolled in the law school at Kazan University.

180 Admitted to St. Petersburg University but was not allowed to attend classes.

181 Received a law degree from St. Petersburg University.

18 Joined a Marxist organization.

185 Founded the fighting Alliance for the working class in St Petersburg.

187 Was deported to Siberia.

July , 188 Married Nadezhda Krupskaya.

100-105 Vladimirs first period of exile from Russia.

100 The first issue of the newspaper Iskra edited by Vladimir was published. He covered the question of Finnish independence.

101 Began using the name Lenin.

10 Lenin became the leader of the Bolshevics.

105 The first revolution attempted in Russia. Lenin met Stalin for the first time.

106 Intensified police persecution forced him to Finland.

107 Lenin took part in several party conferences in Finland. He lived in secrecy near Helsinki and later fled.

December 108 Lenin reached Paris.

110 Lenin seen in the company of Elisabeth Armand.

11 Became Pravadas chief contributor.

August 8,114 Arrested at Nowy Targ.

August 1,114 Lenin was released.

September 5,115 Attended the Zimmerwald conference.

117 The second Revolution in Russia, known as the Feuary Revolution. The Bourgeoisie and the working class united to dethrone the Czar.

April117 Lenin returned to dethrone the Czar.

November 7,117 Lenin returned to St Petersburg.

December 1, 117 The Soviet government recognized the independence of Finland.

March118 The Red Treaty between the Socialist Republic of Finland and the Soviet Republic of Russia was signed. Cordial relations between the two countries were established.

August118 Lenin survived an assassination bid by Dora Kaplan, but was wounded.

11 Organized Communist parties all over the world.

11 Introduced the New Economic Policy.

118- Lenin led the Soviet government.

May 1 Lenin suffered a stroke.

January 1,14 Lenin died of the fourth stroke, caused by the hardening of arteries in theain.

Please note that this sample paper on Vladimir Lennin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Vladimir Lennin, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Vladimir Lennin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

versailes

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on versailes. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality versailes paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in versailes, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your versailes paper at affordable prices! Three terms of the unsuccessful Treaty of Versailles were the war-guilt clause, Germanys reparations and the demilitarization of Germany. First, the war-guilt clause blamed Germany alone for starting the First World War. When the Treaty was made, only the Big Four (America, Italy, France, Greatitain; all Allies) were involved in making it. This allowed for the guilt clause to be laid entirely on Germany. Next, Germanys reparations required Germany to pay $ billion to the Allies for compensation of destroyed property, lost soldiers and to help their drained economy. Finally, Germanys air force and most of its navy were taken away as part of its demilitarization. Also, Germanys army was reduced to 100,000 men.

The treaty failed to achieve a lasting peace for a few reasons. When the Big Four made the Treaty, France, Italy and Greatitain were more concerned with having their own countrys demands met and to see Germany in despair, that the Treaty they designed was not capable of achieving a lasting peace. First, the Treaty unfairly used Germany as a scapegoat. There was no way it could pay its reparations after the war had exhausted their economy to the point the mark was worth nearly nothing. To worsen the matters, Germany could not even use its Pacific colonies to help pay the enormous bill because the Treaty had taken them away also. The war-guilt clause was unrealistic also because other nations were equally guilty of igniting the war with a mixture of nationalism, militarism and alliances. Finally, the demilitarization of such an aggressive country as Germany made it want to fight back. Germanys sense of security was taken away and it felt that it was being painted into a corner, so its instincts were to retaliate against the Big Four. Because the treaty was so unfair to Germany, the citizens of the country were desperate to regain the power, land and respect they had before WW1. In their search for a leader to restore Germany, Adolf Hitler came to power. He and other evil dictators set the stage for a Second World War.

Please note that this sample paper on versailes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on versailes, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on versailes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

respaldo a los derechos humanos

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on respaldo a los derechos humanos. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality respaldo a los derechos humanos paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in respaldo a los derechos humanos, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your respaldo a los derechos humanos paper at affordable prices! Despite notable achievements in recent years, including in Namibia, Cambodia and El Salvador, United Nations (UN) peacekeeping is in crisis. This crisis is both conceptual and substantive tried-and-tested principles and practices of UN peacekeeping have had to be modified or abandoned; there have been repeated difficulties in the control and management of peacekeeping operations; the distinction between peacekeeping and various enforcement activities has become blurred; UN efforts, as in Bosnia, to use peacekeeping forces in ongoing conflicts have exposed the organization to accusations of weakness and of failing to protect fundamental human rights; some peacekeeping operations, as in Angola, have been followed by a resumption of, war; responses to humanitarian crises, as in Somalia in .

1 and Rwanda in I4, have been extremely slow; the range of conflicts around the world far exceeds the UNs capacity to address them; there have been accusations of bias in the choice of which conflicts the UN intervenes in and in the manner in which they are addressed; states have imposed numerous conditions on their participation in operations; the many proposals to place forces at the general disposal of the UN have failed; and peacekeeping finances are still in a mess. There has been a bewildering variety of diagnoses and prescriptions for improvement. This article addresses four main questions

. • What were the essential features of UN peacekeeping up to 187?

• How has the character of UN peacekeeping changed since 188 and what are the consequences of the changes?• In what kinds of crises can UN peacekeeping usefully become involved and in what kinds is it inappropriate?

• What are the issues that now need to be addressed by member-states and by the UN?

Essential Features of UN Peacekeeping Up to 187

Peacekeeping operations, not foreseen in the UN Charter, emerged ad hoc in response to urgent problems. Indeed, the precise Charter basis for many UN peacekeeping operations remained ambiguous for decades. Peacekeeping was often referred to as a `Chapter VI and a half activity, meaning that it fell uncertainly somewhere between Chapter VI, on the `Pacific Settlement of Disputes, and Chapter VII, on Action with Respect to Threats to

the, Peace,eaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression As long as the fundamental basis of peacekeeping forces remained the .consent of the

parties involved in the conflict and the Security Council acted according to its own procedures, it did not matter that the precise Charter basis for the action that was taken floated uncertainly between Chapters VI and VII.

Up to the end of 187 there were I UN peacekeeping operations, all but one of which were concerned with conflicts that had arisen following European decolonisation. Many other problems, including East-West conflict, were addressed through other mechanisms, mainly outside a UN framework. The traditional tasks of UN peacekeeping operations, as they evolved from the 150s to the 170s, included monitoring and enforcing cease-fires observing frontier lines; and interposing between belligerents. These tasks were generally carried out on the basis of three key principles the consent of the parties; the impartiality of the peacekeepers; and the non-use of force in most circumstances. These three principles were seen as being interlinked and fundamental to the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations.

Non-use of force, although not an absolute principle, was central to UN peacekeeping for many years. As Marrack Goulding, UN Under-secretary-general for Political Affairs, has said

More than half the organizations peacekeeping operations before 188 had consisted only of unarmed military observers. But when operations were armed, it had become an established principle that they should use force only to the minimum extent necessary and that normally fire should be opened only in self-defense.

However, since 17 self-defense had been deemed to include situations in which armed persons from fulfilling their mandate were preventing peacekeepers. This was a wide definition of `self-defense. In practice commanders in the field had only very rarely taken advantage of the authority to open fire on, for instance, soldiers at a roadblock who were denying passage to a United Nations convoy. This reluctance was based on sound calculations related to impartiality, to their reliance on the continued cooperation of the parties and to the fact that their forces level of armament was based on the assumption that the parties would comply with their commitments.

On the basis of the principles established during the first four decades, Goulding went on to define UN peacekeeping as

Field operations established by the United Nations, with the consent of the parties concerned, to help control and resolve conflicts between them, under United Nations command and control, at the expense collectively of the member states, and with military and other personnel and equipment provided voluntarily by them, acting impartially between the parties and using force to the minimum extent necessary.

In the first decades of UN peacekeeping operations, the need for impartiality and disinterestedness partly led to the general practice of not using troops from certain countries. In particular, the UN, for the most part, avoided using contingents from the permanent five members of the Security Council (especially China and the two superpowers) and forces from neighboring powers. The merits of these practices were obvious local conflicts were insulated; from Cold War rivalry and regional hegemony. The weaknesses were equally obvious UN forces sometimes either lacked the authority and strength that a great-power presence could have provided, or they lacked the local knowledge, interest and staying power that forces from a neighboring power might have had.

There was no shortage of problems in the first 1 UN peacekeeping operations. The weakness of depending upon the consent of the host state was cruelly exposed by the expulsion of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) from Egypt in 167 and the subsequent outeak of war between Israel and a number of Arab states, including Egypt. Sometimes the performance of the original mandate led on to additional talk that did not sit easily with the three principles outlined above. 1n the Congo in 1f 0-64 the tasks of the UN force came to include assisting in the maintenance of government and public order and the use of military force to achieve these ends against a variety of challenges. This early case of peacekeeping turning into enforcement succeeded, but at a huge price. In Cyprus in 174 and in Lebanon in 18, the presence of UN peacekeeping forces could not preventeakdowns of order, including major foreign invasions and seizures of territory.

The achievements of UN peacekeeping, although modest, were real they included the effective freezing (although not resolution) of certain conflicts; some reduction of the risk, or extent, of competitive interventions by neighboring or major powers; and the isolation of some local conflicts from the East-West struggle, so that the local conflicts did not exacerbate the Cold War. In short, some wars were prevented from spreading and some missions were effectively accomplished. While the development of peacekeeping during the UNs first four decades was impressive, it would be wrong to depict it as a golden era.

www.un.gov.com

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