THe Happy Man

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on THe Happy Man. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality THe Happy Man paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in THe Happy Man, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your THe Happy Man paper at affordable prices! The story by Najib Mahfouz called The Happy Man is a story that has great meaning. It is about a man who is a writer for a newspaper company and one morning he awakens and decides that he is very happy. He decides that he life is perfectly happy. Throughout the day he makes many decision and there is a sequence of events which are based on the fact that he has perfect happiness in his life. In fact it is the theme of the story. In my opinion perfect happiness is impossible and the man in this story proves it in the fact that he loses his will and heart to work or write, he loses his sympathy for the worlds problems, and he loses interest to be with people.

In the Happy Man after the man wakes up and feels very happy he finds out the he loses his passion to so his job. In the book he just decides he no longer wants to do his job. "Suddenly he felt that the office was too small for him; he had no desire to work." (CD) These words sum it up. That small of a thing caused him to decide he no longer wanted to go to work and write for the newspaper. He didnt know why he just felt to happy. "The mere thought of his daily work was treated with absolute indifference and contempt, and he failed completely toing his mind down from the heaven of bliss."(CD) In addition to not wanting to do the job he felt that the job was actually a not worth doing. He had to much happiness and didnt care. He couldnt write any stories in the newspaper because he couldnt put voice and opinion into the topics.(CD) He realized that you cant write a good article if you dont feel anything. His intense happiness is all he could feel and it overwhelmed his other feelings. So in other words he could not find the devotion to do his job and he didnt want to search for it (SUM). He felt that his life was wonderful without it. He was just happy

The Mans almost terrifying happiness could not be over come by sadness even when he thought of the worst of the worlds problems.(TS) His happiness provided isolation from the problems of the world. In the book the it the author states, "Whenever he remembered a problem , his heart chuckled joyfully." (CD) I feel that he knew it was wrong to be laughing at such things but he was in a state of mind that he couldnt shake. This quote shows that he is just trying to prove that you can be happy no matter what is in your life. Another line that I liked was , "He wished to laugh, to dance, to sing, spreading hi infinite mirth over problems of the world."(CD) He wanted to pass around his happiness that he had or thought he had. Inside all he could feel was merriment, nothing less , nothing more, hew was just grand. When he looked back on things that would normally eat him up inside like the death of his wife he blew it off like it was somebody elses wife.(CD) The man just wanted to be happy and would do anything to stay at that zone because he was the happiest man alive. Not only did he blow off the worst of the worlds problems, but he also looked past the worst of his own problems.

He was so happy that he lost all interest in socializing with people.(TS) Throughout the day he got worse and worse. His reaction, to the thought of the first letter that he received from his son that stated that he was going to emigrate to Canada, was laughing.(CD) He laughed because he knew that his son was one less person that he had to talk with. In his mind that was happiness. In my opinion that is not happiness. During that same day the man was supposed to meet his friends at the club, but he felt that he did not want to join the endless talks about public affairs or private worries.(CD) He was in a world of happiness and that would ruin his day. His friends conversations did not make him happy. His day was completely full of gaiety. Another quote is, "Will this feeling deprive him forever of his work and friends, of his sleep and peace of mind?" (CD) The man is not denying that the feeling of joyfulness is not normal. He recognized the strange and unhabitual sensation, but his goal was to be happy and try to ignore the bad thoughts.(SUM) Cheap essay writing services offer help on THe Happy Man In conclusion it is impossible to be entirely happy and that is the theme of the story.(TS) In this story the man felt that he was happy but he really was not. Work is an essential part of life and you cant be happy without money. He didnt feel like working which will cause much unhappiness in the end and less merrienes. On top of that issue the main character lost his sensitive side towards world problems and his problems. Without emotions you cant live a life. You cannot feel love, or hate, or sadness. Without those you are a walking zombie, a dead soul. Finally the Zombie loses his last piece of mind all trying to be a happy person. That is his desire to socialize. No friends is equal to no one to talk to which is equal to a miserable life. In fact you cannot say you have a life without being social. The man in the story might have felt that his life was stuffed with laughter and joyfulness for one day but the next day he will be miserable, because it is impossible to obtain perfect happiness.(SUM)

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Compare and Contrast two theories of the family

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The family is regarded by many sociologists as the cornerstone of society. It is frequently described as the basic unit of social organization. The functionalist theory of the family is known as consensus theory. The Marxist theory is known as conflict theory.

Functionalist theories of society are based on the assumption that society operates on the basis of consensus (agreement) and that there is a tendency towards equiliium (balance) between the various parts of society so that they work together harmoniously. Functionalists tend to assume that if a social institution exists then it must have a function or a purpose. The family is therefore often examined in the terms of the functions it performs for the benefit of society and the individual.

In a study on the family George Peter Murdock (Social Structure 14) studied 50 societies, he came to the conclusion that the nuclear family is a universal human social grouping... it exists as a distinct and strongly functional group in every known society. Murdock identifies four basic functions that the family performs. These are sexual and reproductive which he states are essential for social life as without these there would be no members of society. The other two are economic and educational, without the economic function life would cease and without the education there would be no culture. Murdock believes that without culture society could not function. Hence the family is a good thing. It is functional both for its individuals and for a wider society. It can be said that Murdocks picture of the family is seen as a multi-functional institution which is imperative to society. To others, possibly even too good to be true that the nuclear family is such a marvelous institution. Murdock was criticized for not seriously considering whether its institutions could be performed by other social institutions and not looking at alternatives to the family.

American sociologist Talcott Parsons (155) argues that the typical family unit is the isolated nuclear family. Parson states that because society has become increasingly specialized the functions of the family have dropped to two. These are the primary socialization of children and the stabilization of adult personalities. The primary socialization of children involves two processes, which are the internalization of societies culture and the structuring of personalities. Parsons could conceive of no institution other than the family that could provide the warmth, security and mutual support needed to complete these processes. The stabilization of adult personalities focuses on the husband-wife relationship. Since the isolated nuclear family does not have the security once provided by the close knit extended family the married couple look to each other for emotional support and so helps to stabilize their personalities. He claims that the nuclear family in industrial society is no less important than it was, it is simply more specialized.

Parsons too was criticized of assuming the family as perfect with well behaved children and fantastic parents that was there for their every need. Some said, maybe a little too optimistic for your average family. D.H.J Morgans (175) mentions "there are no classes, no regions, no religious, ethnic or status groups, no communities. This be explaining that Parsons failed to explore the many differences between the middle-class and working-class families or the different family structures in ethnic minority communities.

Ronald Fletcher (The family and Marriage initain, 166) argued that not only has the family retained its functions but those functions have increased in detail and importance. He maintained that the familys responsibility for socializing the young is as important as ever. State education has added to, rather than removed, this responsibility since Parents are expected to do their best to encourage, guide and support their children in their educational and occupational choices and careers. He admitted that the family has largely lost its functions as a unit of production, he argued that it still maintains a vital economic function as a unit of consumption. Particularly in the case of the modern home-centred family, money is spent home, and in the name of, the family rather than the individual.

William J. Goode (World Revolution and Family Patterns, 16) surveyed the relationship between family structure and industrialization in various parts of the world. He did not regard the pressures of industrialization as the only reason for theeakdown of extended family ties. He argued that the move to nuclear families had been far more rapid than could be supposed or predicted from the industrialization alone. Goode applied the concept of role bargaining to his study of the family. Meaning that individuals attempt to achieve the best possible bargain in their relationships with others. They attempt to maximize their gains. In terms of family relationships this means they maintain relationships with kin and submit to their control if they feel they are getting a good return on their investment of time, energy and emotion.

Marxists believe that the family is a social institution, and serves some purposes in society. However they believe that the family has mainly exploitative aspects and serves to exploit and oppress. They reject the functionalist view that society is based on value consensus and thus operates for the benefit of all. The family is seen as part of the superstructure of society and is one of a number of institutions which serve the needs of and help to maintain the infrastructure or economic structure.

A leading Marxist, Fredriech Engels (17), believes in the evolution of the family-that in the early stages of human development, the means of production was communally owned and the modern day family did not exist. This era of primitive communism was characterized by promiscuity. There were no rules limiting sexual relationships. Engels says the nuclear family developed as human people put more restrictions on property and partners. Therefore the monogamous relationship developed with the emergence of private property. In Engels words

It is based on the supremacy of the man, the express purpose being to produce children of undisputed paternity; such paternity is demanded because these children are later to come into their fathers property as his natural heirs. (Engels, 17)

Although Engels has been criticized for this view of human society, anthropologist Kathleen Gough argues that this maybe close to the truth. She says that the nearest relation to man, the chimpanzee, live in promiscuous hordes and this may have been the pattern for early man.

Engels theory was based largely on an erroneous interpretation of the family by the nineteenth century anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan.

He also claimed the bourgeois nuclear family reproduces a future generation workforce at no charge. A direct criticism on Murdocks theory was that he did not consider whether the functions could be prepared by other social institutions and he does not examine alternatives to the family.

Sociologist Eli Zaretsky (Personal Life and Capitalism, 176) has analyzed more recent developments in the family, also from a Marxist perspective. Zaretsky looks at the change in the family from a unit of production to a unit of consumption. Based on his studies, Zaretsky believes that the inequalities in family life first emerged with industrialization, because the family became removed from the economic function. With the growing of capitalized society, families became unable to support their members neither psychologically nor emotionally. Zaretsky sees the family as a major prom to the capitalist society, infact vital to the capitalist society in order for it to survive. From this perspective, it is shown that there are winners and losers in social life, social order is maintained not by popular agreement, (as the functionalist would believe) but by the direct and indirect power by some over others.

The criticisms of the Marxist theory is that it seemed very much so domination of the mans role in its economy. Therefore, Marxist feminism was taken in order. They criticized the family as they focused on the double exploitation of women by capitalism and men. They argued men dominant family relationships and that domestic labour within the family deserves the need of a capitalist economy.

Having examined the different theories on the family it can be concluded that the functionalist perspective provides a positive, idealized picture of society emphasizing the universal necessity for the family and the appropriate functions which it provides to both the individual and society. Functionalists have been accused of seeing the family in only its good light and are criticized for their little attempt to investigate the less favouring parts of the family life and lack of any visible evidence of the viable alternatives to the nuclear family. Marxists, as functionalists critics, provide images of the family that they can be violent and psychologically damaging to the individual family member and to society as a whole. This therefore shatters the functionalist image which assume that the family life is perfect!

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Motivators for Adoption of Interorganizational Information Systems

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Motivators for Adoption of Interorganizational Information Systems. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Motivators for Adoption of Interorganizational Information Systems paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Motivators for Adoption of Interorganizational Information Systems, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Motivators for Adoption of Interorganizational Information Systems paper at affordable prices! Why are some organizations adopting a technological innovation that is announced to yield both operational and strategic benefits while others hesitate, or decide not to adopt for the time being? This question is highly relevant especially in the case of interorganizational information systems (IOS) exemplified by EDI (electronic data interchange), due to the earnest attention this particular technology had received throughout the 10s from academia, practitioners, and governments all over the world. Surprisingly few Danish organizations have adopted EDI. If their technical capabilities and their high degree of computerization are considered then the organizations reluctance to adopt EDI appears to be even more irrational and incomprehensible. The phenomenon of organizations lagging behind adoption of IT regardless of their opportunities to do so is well known. What is missing so far are factors explaining the reason for this situation.

Throughout the history of IS research a number of explanatory factors have been found to be prevalent in relation to adoption and diffusion of IT in and among organizations. A summary of an extensive review of the literature on IOS and EDI and adoption and diffusion of IOS and EDI has resulted in a number of possible explanatory factors and models for adoption. One of these models comprises factors related to the organizational context, the environmental context, and the technological context. These three contexts or dimensions are the pivotal point for this study on adoption and diffusion of IOS in a Danish setting. Inherent in the three contexts is for example the influence on organizations from environmental factors such as action plans promoted by governmental institutions or by industry and trade associations and competitive market forces. From an internal point of view, the motivators for adoption of innovations in organizations focus on the operational benefits and human resources. Finally, the influence from innovation attributes related to the technology aspects is comprised in the third context.

This study is a longitudinal evaluation of the outcome of the Danish national 16-action plan for e-commerce. The reported data originate from more than half a decade starting with the political 15-statements, which gave a high priority to the use of information technology in businesses and administration. The 15-statement stressed the need for formulating an action plan for EDI and e-commerce. The next step was the launch of the 16-action plan for EDI and e-commerce. This action plan was operationalized in the TDP (TradeDocument Project) by the two major Danish business associations. The TDP which aimed at supporting the adoption and diffusion of EDI included nine companies, manufactures and wholesalers, in the Danish steel and machinery industry. As a part of this analysis of the impact of co-ordinated adoption and diffusion projects the outcome of TDP was evaluated during the autumn of 1. Based on the knowledge gained from the TDP, from previous research on IS adoption, and from EDI research in the 10s a survey instrument was developed to evaluate the status of the use of EDI (and e-commerce) in a business sector, which had been exposed to the 16-action plan and the TDP.

This study, which was practice driven in nature, started as an exploratory search for motivators for EDI adoption. The exploratory approach led to changes in focus of the fieldwork throughout the study. The first step, examination of the TDP, revealed that a number of factors had influenced adoption and non-adoption amongst the participating companies. The industry and trade associations, which initiated the project, expected that the TDP provided the optimal conditions for adoption and diffusion of EDI in the Danish steel and machinery industry and especially amongst the companies involved in the project. However, the interviews with the involved companies indicated that some of the participants had their own agendas. They were more interested in networking and exerting influence. The non-adopters were interested in obtaining knowledge of EDI. However, they remained non-adopters due to organizational constraints. After examining the influence of the co-ordinated adoption and diffusion initiatives, it was found prudent to focus more intensely on motivators for adoption. Based on the general attitude from governmental units and the industry and trade associations, specific knowledge from the TDP, and data from previous research, fifteen opinion data items covering a range of issues related to the organizational context, the environmental context, and the technological context were defined. These items were tested in a survey of the Danish steel and machinery industry. Two objectives have guided this research, which explicitly answers the following three research questions

Objective A - To consider possible improvements of the present adoption models used in MIS research.

The corresponding research questions related to this objective were

- How are the explanatory variables related to motivators for EDI adoption defined in MIS research at present?

- Which models are used to explain motivation for IOS adoption at present?

Objective B - To identify motivators for adoption of IOS in a business sector dominated by small businesses.

The corresponding research question related to this objective was

- To which degree can the motivation to adopt IOS, exemplified by EDI, be explained by issues related to the organizational context, the environmental context, and the technological context?

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Hughes poetry

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hughes poetry. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hughes poetry paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Hughes poetry, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Hughes poetry paper at affordable prices with ! Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, in Feuary 1, 10. His parents divorced when he was a child. His father moved to Mexico and Hughes moved to Lincoln, Illinois to live with his mother. Hughes is one of the most popular writers from the Harlem Renaissance period. His works include " The Negro Speak Of Rivers," " Trumpet Player," " Mother To Son," " I, Too," and more. In his poetry, Hughes shows his feelings and thoughts about discrimination, poverty and hope. He also shows his desire for equal treatment between races. His style is a combination of his feelings, represented by music, especially in the blues and jazz songs. He uses ordinary language that makes his poetry understandable and easy to read.

Hughes spent much of his time traveling and moving from place to place. He published "The Negro Speaks Of River," when he was nineteen. In this poem, we can see how he identifies himself with the black race and his ancestors. Although he uses the word " I," he talks in the voice of the black people in general. We can find that the stanzas are written in a way that resembles a river that combines with the title of the poem.

Hughess poetry is easy to understand, because he talks in a language that is used every day, but he does not forget to use symbols and metaphors that characterize poetry. For example in the poem "Mother To Son," second line "…Life for me aint been no crystal start…." As we see, he uses the words crystal and start for symbolized the hard life that people experience in poverty. But also in the line six, he talks in common language in order to make his poetry understandable. "…And places with no carpet on the floor…." in this line we caning the pictures of the places with no carpet and this make us to understand that he talks about poverty. In many of his poems, we find repetition of words, especially in the beginning of the poem. In "The Negro Speak of River," He uses the word " I," go begin almost every line of the poem. Then in " Mother To Son," we can find several repetition of the word "And." All this repetition makes the poems sound like music. This characteristic of Hughes poetry.

Hughes poetry is based on musical songs of jazz and blues. During his childhood, he worked in different places as a seaman, newspaper correspondent, cook, but in particular, he once worked in nightclub. That could be the reason because he likes to write in musical style. In the poem "Same In Blues." We can see how he combines the rhythms to make the poem a sound of music. In the third stanza, we will find that the second and fourth line thyme as in " ring and thing," then the first line of the stanza and the third line do not rhyme. This special style of Hughes makes his poetry sounds like music. The major themes in Hughess works are his personal life, travels, racial pride and his interest in equal treatment between the races. As we can see in his beautiful poem " I, Too." he expresses his pride and hopes.

They send me to eat in the kitchen.

When company comes,

But I laugh

And eat well,

And grow strong.

Tomorrow, Ill be at the table

When company comes,

Nobodyll dare

Say to me,

"Eat in the kitchen,"….

Hughess poetry is based on expressing his thoughts about discrimination and daily life by using the music and songs of jazz and blues. In most of his themes he expresses vividly different black sentiments, hopes, aspirations and pride. Unlike most of the other writers of poetry, his poetry is easy to read and understand. This is in spite of the fact that he uses common language and he doesnt forget to use symbols and metaphors that characterize his poetry. He speaks in the first person to refer to people in general. Langston Hughes has contributed much to the Literature Arts, by his style of writing. And also has given much to his race through his writings.

Please note that this sample paper on Hughes poetry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hughes poetry, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Hughes poetry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Emoidery

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Emoidery. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Emoidery paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Emoidery, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Emoidery paper at affordable prices! There are many different styles of emoidery used today. Some are used to decorate pieces of cloth; other styles are needlepoint and bargello ( used to fill in completely with pattern an open mesh canvas)

Equipment used

Frames and hoops are required to hold the faic tension. Other equipment used in emoidery are, emoidery scissors, needles, thread and yarn ( silk, wool, cotton or linen)

Early Emoidery Cheap research paper on Emoidery Emoidery has been around for a very long time, the earliest emoidered cloth found was by the Egyptians, preserved by the dry weather climate. The Egyptians are extremely skilled in emoidery, they used appliqudecoration with leather and beads. Their art of emoidery is still very difficult to trace until about the 6th century AD.

During the 15th and 16th century in Italy needle painting reached a peak, by the mid 16th century, emoidery on vestments included secular decorative motifs such as grotesques and scroll work, this work was done in monasteries.

Technique

In appliquwork, contrasting pieces of cloth may be fastened to the foundation material with decorative stitches. In smocking decorative stitches secures gathers and folds. Some types of decorative stitches are chain stitch, featherstitch, French Knot, satin stitch, cross-stitch and tent stitch. Heavy or precious threads are usually couched, meaning laid across the ground faic and tied to it by stitching with a separate thread.

In drawn work, certain threads of the warp, weft, or both, are removed from the ground, and the remaining threads are emoidered. . Other kinds of emoidery are referred to by the type of ground material used, such as gauze emoidery. These include filet emoidery (done on a netlike faic) and canvas work (stitched onto coarse- or tight-textured canvas and also referred to as needlepoint, a term borrowed from lace making

Early 18th-Century Sampler

Samplers, such as this one made in the early 18th century in Nürnberg, Germany, combine a number of different stitches within the design. Some of these include the tent, cross, and satin stitches. The five rectangles on the bottom of this example are samples of different stitches. Adding samples of stitches at the bottom was a design format popular in the 16th century.

This example of Japanese emoidery is from the second half of the 1th century. The satin faic is emoidered with coloured silk and silver gilt thread in a classical design. The stitches used are long and short, satin and stem, with knots and couched and raised work.

Please note that this sample paper on Emoidery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Emoidery, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Emoidery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Rosa Parks

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Rosa Parks. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Rosa Parks paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Rosa Parks, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Rosa Parks paper at affordable prices!

Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise Parks was an extraordinary African American civil rights activist whose heroic actions sparked the beginning of the monumental civil rights movement within the United States of America. Rosa Parks firmly stood up for what she believed and it was time for her to show the world who she was and what she believed in. Rosa was born on Feuary 4th, 11 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Every since she was a little girl, her mother knew that God had a special purpose for her. She was raised by her mother because her father was never around. She recalled that he would stay several days and then leave again. She never saw him any more until she was an adult and married (inkley 1). She lived with her mother andother in a small house. Her mother was a school teacher who sometimes traveled out of state to teach in different schools and in black churches. Rosa was also raised in part by her grandparents who lived nearby.

Growing up was hard for Rosa. It is upsetting to think that innocent children lives were in danger, because of the members of the Ku Klux Klan. This was a secret society that originated in southern states. Its purpose was to reassert white supremacy by the means of terrorism. Klan members would parade up and down the streets in front of Rosas home. They never attacked her family, but she felt the violence of white supremacy at a very young age (inkley 5).

Rosa moved to Montgomery, Alabama at the age of eleven and her mom enrolled her at Montgomery Industrial school for girls. All of the teachers at this school were white, while the student body of two hundred and thirty to three hundred were entirely black. However she dropped out of school at the age of sixteen to care for both her grandmother, who died soon after, and then for her ailing mother. She was practically taking care of herself as well as her family, while the pressures of white supremacy, still were in full effect (Encarta 1).

Rosa also grew up under a strict racist law system called the Jim Crow Law. The Jim Crow law system was adopted in 1875. This law was named after a minstrel show character, who was an old, crippled, black slave who embodied a negative stereotype for African Americans. It was the official system of racial segregation that spread across the south after the Civil War. Segregation was the separation of the races in every sphere of life to achieve white supremacy. African Americans and whites were legally separated on streetcars, trains, steamboats, and every other form of public transportation as well as schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels and even drinking fountains. These laws put black and white signs on every public facility. These signs historians say were public symbols of and constant reminders of black rejection (inkley ).

In the 186 Supreme Court case Plessy V. Fergusonthe court authorized separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites which were in reality were not equal. African Americans throughout the south started organizing pro integration protest rallies which promotedinging together whites and blacks in society, but these rallies had no effect on society (inkley ).

The Jim Crow trolley demanded blacks enter in the back of the trolley and they had to stay there. Some of the public buses between Tuskegee and Montgomery refused to let colored people inside. African Americans had to sit on top of the luggage no matter what the weather was like. Montgomery, which boasted the first electric trolley system in the country, was faced with a boycott in August of 100. African Americans were urged to walk and not ride in show of solidarity against the cities unfairness to its paying passengers. This boycott lasted five weeks and it cost the trolley operator twenty five percent of its business. Eventually the company ended streetcar segregation in the city in the 10s, but it was short lived in part because of the Klans activities. This largely forgotten boycott in civil rights history was an important event that preceded the 155 Montgomery boycott that woulding Rosa parks international recognition. Rosa said, I had heard stories about the 100 boycott, and I thought about it sometimes when the segregated trolley passed by. It saddened me to think how African Americans took one step forward and then two steps back (inkley).

In 1 at the age of nineteen Rosa married Raymond Parks who was a twenty nine year old barber. She received her high school diploma the following year and supported the family by sewing and other jobs. Rosa remembered that when it came to voting African Americans had major disadvantages. In 17 a group of poor votersought a constitutional challenge against the poll tax which was a fee charged across the south for exercising the right to vote. The group lost the challenge and the Supreme Court upheld the poll tax as constitutional. If a person was poor with no extra money, which most blacks in Alabama were, they could not vote. Another obstacle was literacy tests which were tests on reading and writing and if a person failed it they could not vote. She tried to register to vote although she did not succeed until her third time. She was forced to take a literacy test, which she passed and she also had to pay the poll tax of $ 16.50.

In 145 Rosa became a secretary of the Montgomeryanch of the NAACP. This was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It was an organization founded to improve the conditions for African Americans in the United States (Encarta ).

The southern bus systems all seemed to follow the same set of bus rules. In Montgomery for example all the city buses had thirty-six seats. The first ten seats were always reserved for whites and the ten seats farthest to the back were unofficially designed for the blacks to use. The sixteen seats in the middle individual bus drivers imposed there own segregation rules on and enforced them with the threat of pistols they carried. Many drivers enhanced the degrading of blacks by making them pay their fares in the front of the bus, and then they had to get off and go all the way around to the back of the bus to board. It was a form of everyday humiliation in Montgomery. Rosa said, Some bus drivers were meaner than others. Not all of them were hateful, but segregation is vicious and to my mind there was no way you could make segregation decent, or nice, or acceptable(inkley 57).

One bus driver that stood out in Rosas mind was a man named James Blake. He was a major bigot who treated everyone that was black badly especially black women. He made blacks pay in the front and then as they walked outside to the back of the bus, he would leave them with a face full of exhaust as he raced off. One afternoon Rosa boarded through the front door of Blakes bus, because the back was filled with people. Blake demanded that she exit the bus and get back on through the back door. She told him that she did not see the need to get off and back on again. He was infuriated with her and told her to get off his bus. Parks engaged in an act of passive resistance, named by Leo Tolstoy and emaced by Mahatma Gandhi, which was resistance by a nonviolent method. This method she learned in Matthew 5 of the Bible where Jesus taught that if someone strikes you on one cheek, you should turn the other cheek. She not only refused to ride on Blakes Bus, but avoided them for the next twelve years. She walked wherever she went even in the rain rather than suffer further injustice. However in 155 Rosa has another incident with a Montgomery bus that left the bus company in an uproar (inkley58).

On December 1st 155 Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. She went on the bus and she walked in the back of where white people were sitting. The bus was extremely crowded that day. On the second or third stop some white people came on the bus and there was one white man standing. When the driver noticed the man standing, he told her to get up. Rosa told him she was not moving from the seat and he threatened to have her arrested. She said that he may do that and he did. Two policemen came on the bus and placed her under arrest. The public responded to her arrest as soon as it was announced. It was put in the paper and Mr. E.D. Nixon, who was the legal redress chairman of the Montgomeryanch of the NAACP, made phone calls to a number of ministers. There was a public meeting at Dexter Avenue Baptist church, where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the pastor. The Montgomery Improvement Association was formed and it was led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosa said, When she met Martin Luther King Jr. she was very impressed with his delivery as a speaker and by his leadership. He seemed to be a genuine and very concerned person, who she thought was a real, true Christian (inkley 07).

Rosas trial was on December 5th and the court found her guilty. Her lawyers Fred Gray and Charles Langford filed an appeal, and she was later fined $10.00 plus $4.00 in court expenses (inkley 1).

The Montgomery Improvement Association called for a boycott of the city owned bus company. It urged people to walk or ride with people in cars rather than take public transportation which was primarily the bus. Many people heard about the Rosa Parks event and a large number of people participated in not riding the bus. During the boycott Rosa went to many different city meeting urging people to participate in the boycott. She told people all about her incident on the bus and encouraged people join her in boycott. Rosa was determined to put a stop to the racist system which some Americans had accepted. The boycott lasted 8 and captured the nations attention. The Supreme Court eventually struck down the Montgomery ordinance under which Rosa Parks was fined, and outlawed racial segregation on public transportation (Smithsonian 1).

However, Rosa and her husband Raymond both lost their jobs and suffered repeated harassment and threats in July of 157. The last hateful message which they received, pushed Raymond Parks into a near suicidal despair, that scared Rosa more than the death threat itself. Soon after this terrible incident Raymond and Rosa moved to Detroit, where Rosa served on the staff of US Representative John Conyers. The Southern Christian Leadership Council established an annual Rosa Parks Freedom Award in her honor. After the death of her husband, she founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for self development. This institute sponsors an annual summer program for teenagers called Capital Pathways to Capital Freedom. In this program young people tour the country in busses, under adult supervision and learn the history of their country and the Civil Rights Movement. This institute provides scholarships and guidance for young blacks (Encarta ).

Rosa Parks received numerous awards and tributes including the NAACPs highest honor, the Spinarn Medal in 170 and prestigious Martin Luther Jr. award in 180. Cleveland Avenue in the city of Montgomery was renamed Rosa Parks Boulevard in 165. President Bill Clinton in 16 awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest honor that the U.S. government can give to a civilian. In 1 she received the Congressional Gold Medal from the US Congress (Encarta ).

Rosa Parks became known as the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement and her life has impacted the world tremendously. Her actions have helped us believe in ourselves and our faith in God, showing us that we can overcome any difficult obstacle that we may face.

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