Assess the contribution and impact of Tiberius as princeps

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• After Augustuss death Tiberius reluctantly took on the role as princeps

• He started off with great promise for his dealings with mutinies among the frontiers and his contribution to foreign policy was carried out with real statesmanship (Tacitus admits to this)

• However his trust of the lecherous Sejanus and his retirement to Capri (with his minor building program), prove to have left the most impacting marks on his career Tiberius Foreign Policy (provincial and frontier)

Tiberius government of the empire was carried out with real statesmanship. Even Tacitus admits this

Provincial Policy

Tiberius recognised Romes responsibility for the welfare of provincials, and would tolerate no abuses by governors or the Roman business class

Maintained strict discipline of troops in the provinces secured frontiers by diplomacy if possible

- Tacitus "Tiberius was happier to have secured peace by prudent negotiation than if he had fought a victorious war

Paid special attention to his choice of governors; retained many governors at their posts for extended periods, to increase efficiency

Sought to maintain justice not only for provincials but also for Roman citizens within the provinces

Maintained strict supervision of imperial legates to avoid oppression; prosecutions of governors and procurators charged with extortion were strict

Initiated road andidge building, and established new settlements in Syria, Spain, Moesia, Dalmatia and Pannonia

Generous to provincial cities during disasters eg earthquakes

Avoided interfering in senatorial provinces, but kept a close eye on their administration

Checked the plundering of the equestrian tax companies; protected Egypt from excessive taxation

- Tacitus "He ensured also that the provinces were not harasses by new impositions and that old impositions were not aggravated through official acquisitiveness orutality."

Did not encourage the worship of himself in the provinces

- From Tacitus To have my statues worshipped among the gods in every province would be presumptuous and arrogant. Besides, the honour to Augustus will be meaningless if it is debased by indiscriminate flattery. As for myself, senators, I emphasise to you that I am human, performing human tasks."

Gave provincial assemblies larger degree of autonomy

Tiberius policy of leaving governors in office for long periods in order to benefit the provincials fell down when he made a poor judgement about a governor

Eg 10 years was too long for Pontius Pilatus (6-6) who was governor of Judaea at the time of Christs crucifixion

Pontius Pilatus made a number of serious mistakes, provoking the inhabitants unnecessarily, and it took the governor of Syria, Vitellius, to conciliate the Jews after Pilatus was sent to Rome to stand trial

The senate resented his guidance and control in the provinces and were particularly affronted when he encroached on the senatorial sphere by refusing to permit a change of proconsuls for Asia and Africa and keeping the same men there for 6 years

The Influence of Sejanus on Tiberius

Tiberius trusted adviser

After death of Germanicus, Tiberius planned to promote his own son Drusus to secure succession for him

In AD 1, Drusus nd consulship, and in next year granted tribunician power

This embittered faction loyal to Germanicus and didnt suit the capable prefect of Praetorian Guard, L. Aelius Sejanus, who had become Tiberius trusted adviser

Sejanus had been joint commander of the Guard with his father, and had served Augustus; accompanied Drusus to Pannonia during revolts of AD 14 and from ad 17 was sole prefect of Guard

Sejanus ambition

Tacitus Sejanus "concealed behind a carefully modest exterior an unbounded lust for power."

Since Drusus suspected Sejanus designs and resented his influence over his father, he had to be removed

To do this would not ensure Sejanus rise to power, due to the abundance of members of the imperial house (Sejanus planned to remove these individuals at intervals)

Seduction of Livilla and death of Drusus

Sejanus seduced Livilla (wife of Drusus) and together they poisoned Drusus

Tiberius never got over Drusus death in , became more morose, and came to depend on Sejanus to an even greater extent

Tiberius retirement to Capri

Tiberius now made serious mistake

Retired to island of Capri, tired of plotting factions and hostility at court

Tacitus says Sejanus urged him to do so as he would control access to Emperor and most of correspondence [no evidence of truth in Tacitus suggestions eg. Tacitus went to satisfy his perversions, to escape his bullying mother Livia]

Tiberius government from Capri as efficient as ever, although his removal allowed Sejanus free rein with his intrigues

Sejanus saves Tiberius life

Tiberius, Sejanus and servants dining in natural cavern when a rock-fall threatened the emperors life

Sejanus protected Tiberius from falling boulders

This further increased Sejanus power over Tiberius

From that time "Tiberius believed him disinterested and listened trustingly to his advice, however disastrous." Tacitus

Downfall of Sejanus

With the death of Livia, Sejanus appeared to be moving closer to the throne

1. He had control of the Praetorian Guard as sole prefect

. He had control of the senate as he controlled communications to and from Tiberius at Capri

. He was engaged to the granddaughter of Tiberius

4. He was granted proconsular imperium

5. He was honoured with statues and games

When it appeared that Tiberius was looking to Agrippinas youngest son (and his grandson through the adoption of Germanicus) Gaius the last son who had not been persecuted as yet by Sejanus ( eldest sons were exiled), Sejanus supposedly plotted to kill Tiberius (some say he plotted to kill Gaius)

Tiberius was alerted to the plot, and to the fact that Sejanus and Livilla had poisoned his son Drusus 8 years previously, by Antonia (mother of Germanicus and Claudius and Livilla; grandmother of Gaius)

Tiberius had to be very careful as Sejanus was in a very powerful position

Tiberius used Macro, the prefect of the Vigiles, to facilitate the destruction of Sejanus by giving him a letter to be read in the senate denouncing Sejanus as a traitor to Rome

Sejanus was arrested, taken to prison and executed immediately

From the death of Sejanus to the death of Tiberius, the period is referred to by Tacitus as the Reign of Terror

Tacitus calls this a time of sheer crushing tyranny as many people were executed

Friends and family of Sejanus were executed

Sejanus himself had caused the deaths of many people through treason trials Agrippina, Nero Caesar and Drusus Caesar had all been imprisoned or exiled and then they died through suicide and starvation

 See Tiberius Administration in folder

Building Program

Tiberius did not conduct an extensive building program nor did he use buildings to increase his popularity and personal glory as Augustus had done

He completed many of the buildings begun by Augustus, restored buildings but did not put his own name on them

He did erect a temple to Augustus and a barracks for the Praetorian Guard

In the provinces he supervised the construction of utilitarian projects such as roads,idges and aqueducts

The Death of Tiberius AD 7

Tiberius did not return to Rome but continued to rule from Capri until he died at the age of 78

Strengths Weaknesses

Continuance of Augustus arrangements as much as possible

Excellent civil administration

ɧ Alleviated food shortages

ɧ Maintained law and order in the city through the city prefect

ɧ Gave substantial relief to help victims of an amphitheatre tragedy and a fire on the Aventine

ɧ Cut down public expenses erected few public buildings and reduced gladiatorial shows

Strengths Servility of senators little co-rule, dependence on Tiberius

Treason trials and growing numbers of delatores

Crisis as a result of Germanicus death

Influence of Sejanus and elimination of members of imperial family

Retirement of Tiberius to Capri alienation of senate

Weaknesses

ɧ Took measures to safeguard the countryside fromigandage

ɧ Reduced sales tax

ɧ Chose officials carefully

Attempt to work with the senate

ɧ Took no exceptional honours

ɧ Upheld traditional rights

ɧ Treated it with respect

ɧ Consulted it

ɧ Extended its administrative and legal functions

Provincial and frontier policies

ɧ Maintained peace and prosperity

ɧ Settled disputes in provinces fairly

ɧ Gave extensive tax relief after earthquake damage

ɧ Built roads andidges

ɧ Built public buildings in provinces

ɧ Chose best men wherever possible

ɧ Maintained thorough discipline, loyalty and efficiency in armies Vengeance taken on Sejanus supporters

Gaius given no training for public life contributed to difficulties of his reign

Praetorian Guard conscious of increased power repercussions for future influence on succession

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Descriptive essay

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Descriptive essay. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Descriptive essay paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Descriptive essay, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Descriptive essay paper at affordable prices! It is 6:00 A.M. on a Saturday morning. I go through my pre-surf ritual, which includes, rolling out of bed, throw on my bathing suit, splash water on my face and head to the kitchen for my morning nutrition.<parallelism: rolling, throwing, splashing, heading] This consists of cereal with milk. It is now 6:10 as I head out to load up the car. With my board in hand and my bag of the days necessities on my back, I begin the hour and a half trip to Cocoa Beach with my roommate. As we make the journey, I anticipate the sound, sight and smell of the ocean. <good details in intro]

Once we are at the beach, we step out of the vehicle and are greeted by the inviting sound of the ocean waves in the distance. As we make our way across the wooden decks, the sound of the roaring ocean becomes closer. There is something so calming, yet invigorating about the waves crashing upon the shoreline. My heart is pounding as I step onto the warm, wet sand.<nice details] I make my way towards the cool, morning surf.

Seeing the first few waveseak in the early morning light is spectacular. I envision myself riding in on those waves. Theres noone else out at that time of the morning, except for a few locals. We make sure to stay out of their way. We drop our bags down and head towards the water. As I lay my board down to start paddling out into the ocean, I can see how calm and peaceful the water is[,]<coordination comma] and I start to mentally prepare myself for the first ride of the morning.

As I paddle out into the waves, I take in the salty smell of the ocean. The ocean water is a very distinct smell that makes me long to be riding in on a wave. Even as we are nearing Cocoa Beach, long before we ever see the oceanside, we roll down our windows to take in a deepeath of the fishy, salty, oceaneeze. <nice sensory detail] The one thing that I can do without is the smell of gasoline from the passing by boats.

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I just recently started seriously surfing. I have become extremely hooked on this sport. I look at the ocean in a new light and have gained much respect for its power and unruliness to change. I look forward to every weekend knowing that I will, again, be at the beach. Surfing and being apart of the ocean is something that I truly love and see myself doing for as long as possible.<fine conclusion]

Fine descriptive details here and good proofreading. The "power" and "unruliness" of the ocean could be more developed in this essay, however. What do you think?

90B

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Creative Writing - The Kidnapper

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Creative Writing - The Kidnapper. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Creative Writing - The Kidnapper paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Creative Writing - The Kidnapper, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Creative Writing - The Kidnapper paper at affordable prices! The Kidnapper

Clouds filled the dark sky. Street lamps flickering fiercely along the freekingly frightening street. Mist. Everywhere. Suddenly, rain poured from the heavens above. Tick-Tock. Midnight. A stench of sewege crept slowly around the misty silent street.

John was driving along the gloomy street. BANG! The car suddenly stopped. It wouldnt start again. He got out cautiously and walks over to the hood. He could see nothing wrong. There were no pay phones in sight and his battery was dead on his age old cellular phone.John sat there waiting for another car to come past . Nothing.

One whole hour had gone by when he noticed eeire moaning sounds coming from the graveyard behind him. He then heard a scream. John thought to himself, should he check it out? What if someones in trouble? He began slowly walking towards the gate when he heard another scream. His heart went. He was thinking twice about this. As he opened the tall creaky gate, a black cat jumped screaming out of a tree and on to is face leaving him with a cut. The cat ran off. He advanced further into the graveyard. The cut was stinging as if three hundred nails were forced into his face at once. He came closer to the screams when he saw the church it was an old, batterduised church. Not in use no more he thought untill he glanced up and noticed a light was on upstairs. John walked around the other side of the church only to see a big white van parked outside the backdoor. It was rocking back and forth. He could not here any more screams but could hear this mumbling cming from inside the van. John opened the van door and saw a young women must have been about twenty one, all tied up and had tape across her mouth. He took the tape off her mouth and she cried Help! Please! John claimed Il do my best. Suddenly, she screamed

Behind you!

Whack. John fell to the floor looked up to see a man holding a shovel. John thought to himself if he pretended to be unconscious he might be able to get an advantage on him. As the man climbed in the van, ready to go, John jumped up quickly and pulled him from the seat and ended up on the floor in aawl. The man happend to get the better of John and ended up knocking him out anf tieng him up too. The man threw him in the van. The car started to go. Blackness was all he could see. He could tell the girl was rumbling around toeak free, but it was no use. It must have been two oclock in the morning by then. He fell asleep.

Slam! a door closed, then the side door opened. Vigoursly he grabbe them and guided them into some, some sort of building. The man sat them down on a chair them to eachother. The man left the room. Silence. Darknes. John once again fell asleep.

Boom! Clear. Clear. hold it right there. Dont move!

No! Bang bang. Gun shots were fired. It smelt like fireworks. Suddenly, someone ripped the tape from Johns eyes. With his blured vision he could roughly make out it was police.

Its going to be ok he heard. He was untied and was put in an flashing ambulance.

Would you like a cup of tea sir? a nurse asked,

No im fine thanks John answered. As he lay there, in the grimy hospital bed, he began to think what he got himself into. Then right there in the bed next to him was... The Kidnapper!

Please note that this sample paper on Creative Writing - The Kidnapper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Creative Writing - The Kidnapper, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Creative Writing - The Kidnapper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Eve of the ReformationBlack Death to Luthers Protest

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Eve of the ReformationBlack Death to Luthers Protest. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Eve of the ReformationBlack Death to Luthers Protest paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Eve of the ReformationBlack Death to Luthers Protest, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Eve of the ReformationBlack Death to Luthers Protest paper at affordable prices! There is a myth that since the time of the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in 1 A.D. until the Reformation that the Catholic Church lived in relative peace. This myth is false; the Church was constantly under attack. Heresies, Islam, and other less organized pagans always had the Church busy fighting on the side of Truth. From 00 A.D. to 600 A.D., the Church was affected with the heresy of Arianism. The heresy caused many men and many clergy to be led astray. After the Churchs battle with Arianism, Mohammed and his new religion, Islam, rose to power and overwhelmed most of the Orient. Islam and Christianity were at war with each other since Islams creation up until the Reformation. Between battles with Islam, pagans from Scandinavia and Mongols from Asia tried to battle Christian Europe, but they were less organized and easily defeated.

Christian unity was incredibly strong for the first twelve hundred years of its existence because the Christians were always defending their faith against an outside opponent. There was not time for any internal dissention, everyone got along because they had an attitude of "we" verse "them." Since a Christian was a Christian, it didnt matter their theology or how they lived their life, or how the Church lead its people. As long as a person was not Islamic or from another outside group, everyone got along.

But, after the twelfth century, the pressure from outside forces that Christianity was fighting against diminished. With no need for strong Christian identity, heresy and dissention began to pop up throughout Christendom. For example, the Albigensian movement, they had a belief in a doctrine of a dual godhead. There was a good god and an evil god. This heresy spread through much of southern France before it was extinguished. After the extinguishing of the Albigensian heresy, there was a time of piece for about eighty years. From 10 A.D. to 100 A.D. Europe lived in a full Catholic society. The whole of Europe was under one belief and one spiritual head.

Heresy and revolt started to creep in to European society starting in the fourteenth century. Small spiritual revolts started appearing for the first time. The most notable movements were the movement by Wycliffe and at the very end of the century the Hussite movement. Wycliffe who died in 184 is considered the "morning star" by some Protestant historians because to some people his movement is the beginning of the Reformation. His movement though strong, was short and only affected a small part of Europe. John Huss and the Hussites of Bohemia were another strong spiritual movement that started about almost exactly one hundred years before Martin Luther. The Hussite movement was also a strong movement, but was very nationalistic. The Bohemians joined Huss not out of theological beliefs, but out of national pride.

Write a research paper on Eve of the ReformationBlack Death to Luthers Protest

The ground was prepared for a catastrophe by the end of the fourteenth century, but still no fatal course made the Reformation inevitable (Belloc 14). By the time of the start of the Reformation the doctrinal novelties of Wycliffe, Huss, and others had already faded away. Many generations had already passed by before Luthers first protest. The two hundred years before the Reformation were not a growth in new doctrines, but the weakening of the moral authority in the temporal and spiritual organization of the Church (Belloc 15).

Though there were spiritual revolts in the fourteenth century, there were many Catholic spiritual triumphs going on at the same time. There was the rise of the great monastic Orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic and the philosophy and theology of St. Thomas.

One of the most detrimental causes of the weakening of the papacy was the unnatural migration to Avignon. For centuries, Europe was use to the conflict between the papacy and the empire. The emperor was the head of lay power and the pope was the head of spiritual power. The papacy eventually won the battle, but at high costs. The papacy heavily taxed Europe, especially England (Belloc 16). With the empire fallen, the papacy had full control over the temporal and spiritual fields. Since there was no supreme lay power, Europe began looking to the next highest power, which was France.

With the pope now living in Avignon the papacy turned into a local power. Avignon was not technically part of the kings dominion, but the papacy was nominally subject to the king. The papacy became part of the French monarchy and was consumed by French nationalism. The French papacy which lasted for seventy years from 107 to 177 A.D. had its share of anti popes occasionally rise, but European common loyalty was always given to the pope at Avignon (Belloc 16).

The problem of Avignon and what caused the weakening of the papacys authority was being under the rule of the French king. Europe was use to a supreme head of the empire. The French king did not have the name or the authority of an emperor. The French king had no more power than any other king in Europe. He had no more authority to influence the papacy than any other king. With the rise of nationalism throughout Europe, other countries felt that the papacy was French and not universal, so the full authority of the pope throughout Europe was severely weakened.

To remedy the situation at Avignon the pope moved back to Rome. The move was supposed to strengthen the power of the pope, but that did not happen. What happened next was the Great Western Schism from 177 to 1407 A.D. The forty years of the schism permanently hurt the authority of the pope. After the schism was settled, it still took another thirty years and the accession of Nicholas V to the papacy before power was unanimously given back to the Bishop of Rome (Belloc 18). It was over one hundred and thirty years since the first removal of the papacy to Avignon. Until less that a lifetime before the Reformation Christendom lived under a divided and increasingly despised papacy (Belloc 18). The prime condition for a united Christendom is a single, powerful head and that had disappeared.

During the papacys time in Avignon, the Black Death tore though Christendom. One third to one half of all the clergy and religious died. Whole monastic communities were wiped out. Bishops and their priests were all dead. The clergy and religious never fully recovered. The new clergy that were ordained were not educated, illiterate, and unfit for the position they held. They did not have the respect for the sanctity of the office. The Black Death also caused a rise in nationalism which was not a help to the papacy at Avignon. The Black Death is the beginning of the Reformation; Europeans began to voice their disgust and anxiety about the Church. They cried for, "A Reform of Head and Church (Belloc 7)."

After the Black Death came the crystallization of religion (Belloc 4). The Churchs official life hardened out of measure. The Church used to be elastic and fluid, the Church is a living organism. The hardening of religion was from an exaggeration of routine and precise rule. The exaggeration and precision led to many abuses in the Church. Dues and Taxes were exacted out of mere precedent. Unnecessary taxes were taken even when the use for that tax was over. The Church also suffered from plurality with the holding of two offices.

The last lifetime was a period of eighty years between the Great Schism and the Reformation (Belloc ). The last lifetime was a time of great mental revolution. New learning and new expanded experiences shook peoples faiths because everything they thought to be true around them was changing. Sudden new discoveries caused people to question what they believed. A man born in 140 and living to old age would have seen an expansion of geographical knowledge far beyond their imagination. He would have heard about the turning of the Cape of Great Hope and a new way to India, colonization all over the world, and the fact that the Earth was round. He would have seen an increase in study of ancient literature, the printing press, and growth in vernacular literature. He also would have seen a change in the art of war, in which only national governments would be able to afford, and he would have seen the last bits of feudalism being swept away.

Humanism, the study of antiquity, was prevalent throughout Europe. Humanismed contempt for the medieval past and had thoughts of a glorious future. Since the Church was a part of the medieval past, the humanists dreamed of a future without it. Humanism diding about a lot of skepticism into Europeans minds. The pride of humanism was at issue with the Christian faith. Humanisms critical examination of legends, such as the Donation of Constantine and the unauthentic Decretals of Mercator, which parts of it supported papal power, tangled up doctrine with legend (Belloc ). Humanism had no patients for truth lurking in legend.

The lifetime before the Reformation alsoought about an increased study of scripture. The Old Testament, Talmud, and the Jewish arguments against the Faith were known to many. The New Testament was the test of scholarship and known by heart (Belloc 8).

Islam was also on the heels of Europe during the time before the Reformation. There was the fall of Constantinople and the conquering of Greece. All these forces caused aeakdown in European morals. The papacy should have used this time as an example for reform and repaired its authority, but the papacy ended up losing more authority instead.

The condition of the papacy worsened from 1447 to 1517 A.D. For centuries the papacy was politically weak, but morally strong. That changed with the accession of ten popes during the last seventy years. Nine of the popes were actual significant, Pope Pius III died twenty six days into his pontificate. Nicholas V was the first pope; he was the first undisputed, unpersecuted, and absolute monarchal pope. Nicholas was a very learned, cultured man, and also very pious. Calistus II was a Spanish pope and full of the Catholic spirit. Pius II was marred by an irresponsible youth; he had illegitimate children while a priest. But, he matured into a great scholar of history. Paul II was a worldly pope, but had no grave moral offenses while pope. Sixtus IV was of poor origin. He was not politically active and very worldly. He acted like a prince of the day. He was involved with the first great scandal, his nephew Cardinal Riario plotted against Florence.

Innocent VIII had an illegitimate family born to him before he took Orders. The problem was that he patronized them like a royal family. The most famous of these popes is Alexander VI who rose to power in 14. He was the pope when the people of the Reformation were old enough to receive a lasting impression. He was pope for eleven years and in those eleven years he did all matters of harm. He was elected thoughibery and wealth; he became pope by one vote, his own. Politically he was a good candidate; he helped the Jews while Chancellor of the Papal States. The worst actions came from his son, Caesar Borgia whose only virtue was courage. Caesar was born to Alexander when Alexander was a Cardinal. Alexander had no sanctity of the office he held.

Julius II and Leo X were also of not great harm, except the selling of the indulgence for building St. Peters. Both Julius and Leo were worldly men and acted very much like Italian princes. The popes were not seen anymore as universal shepherds, but as princes of Rome. The popes failed to carry out the greatest task of Christendom at the time, the fighting of the Turks. It was not necessarily the popes fault though because the kings and princes throughout Europe would not listen to the popes call. Pius II even led a crusade himself because he couldnt find anyone to take charge. He ended up dying on the battle field.

Four forces moved together to cause the Reformation (Belloc 4). The first is the weakening of moral disciple of the clergy, their plurality and worldliness, lack of sexual morals, heavy taxation, and the problems of the papacy. The second is the weakening of the moral disciple of the laity particularly the rich. The rich became very greedy and would do anything to get more money. They saw the Church as having a lot of money and they wanted it. The third force was the increased indignation at the failure of the official Church to reform. The fourth force and the strongest force was the hatred of the Catholic Faith. The church was constantly seen as restricting man always and always being in mans life. The Church was always at issue with pride, ambition, and desire. Most importantly was the Churchs claim to absolute authority and universal moral dominion. This hatred was confined to a small few in Europe, but it was potentially present in large numbers.

Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk is credited for starting the reformation. He visited Rome in 1510 A.D. during the pontificate of Julius II for business connected with his Order or his monastery. There is no real proof that Luther was upset at the worldliness of the papacy. He came back and taught at the University of Wittenberg and had local prominence among the Germans.

On October 1, 1517 Luther nailed his 5 theses to the door of the church of the Castle of Wittenberg. Luthers theses were grievances over the practice of selling indulgences. His nailing of his grievances was not an act of revolt at that time. It was common practice for scholars to nail topics for discussion on the church door. The only difference is that Luther firmly believed in his theses.

The Churchs dogma on indulgences was the same then as it is now; the merits of Saints may be applied by the Churchs authority to its people, not to the remission of sin, but to its punishment (CCC 1471). Grave abuses in the practice of indulgences were common throughout Europe, though. There was confusion between the payment of money as alms and the payment of money as a purchase. Also, masses of men fell into accepting indulgences as a remission of sin.

The most disgraceful act of the papacy concerning indulgences was the selling of an indulgence for the building of St. Peters. Julius II instituted this indulgence. Leo X collaborated with the Archbishop of Mayence to sell this indulgence (Belloc 40). The Archbishop and Leo X split the money gained from the sell of the indulgence for St. Peters. The Archbishop needed the money to pay off his debts. Lots of pomp and flair was used to pressure people into buying the indulgence. Many people and clergy did not approve of this indulgence. The Cardinal of Toledo forbade the promulgation of the indulgence (Belloc 41).

The Germans also hated the indulgence for two reasons. There was friction between the old tradition of the German king and the papacy and with the rise of German nationalism; the Germans felt that the pope had become an Italian prince (Belloc 41). This meant that the pope was no longer one with all Christendom because the pope was no longer one with Germany. The Germans were no longer one with the rest of Christendom. The Germans were ready to revolt and rebel against the authority of Rome. They saw Luthers protest as their opportunity for rebellion. Luther suddenly found himself in the spotlight. He had no intention of this happening when he posted the theses and never wanted to leave the Church, but with the support of the Germans, he decided to go along with them.

Rome thought nothing of Luthers protest or the grumblings in Germany. Pope Leo X saw the problem as a quarrel between two monastic Orders (Belloc 4). The Augustinians were jealous of the Dominicans because the Dominicans were the ones selling the indulgence. Luther was called to Rome in 1518 A.D., but he did not go. He did not go because of health reasons; it was not an act of defiance.

Irritation throughout Germany against papal power and taxation, mixed with some German nationalism demanded that Luther face his opponents on home turf. Rome accepted the situation and went to Germany. The Diet at Augsburg was set up with Romes main agenda being to persuade the German princes to fight against Islam. Luther was much smaller business. At the Diet, Luther was offended. He was made to look foolish; they tricked him into denying the authority of a General Council, which could overrule a pope (Belloc 4).

Throughout 151, Luther was still protesting his Catholicism. By the end of 151 A.D., Luther went through a revolution in his mind and became an opponent of the whole church system (Belloc 44). In 150 A.D. the Church gave a Bull of Excommunication to Luther with sixty days to submit to Rome (Stravinskas 847). Luther did not submit.

Luther with about five million people left the Church because of grievances over abuses and power of the Church (Lindsey 5). The forming of the main Protestant doctrines came after the first rebellion. Sola Fide was an after thought (Belloc 4). With the abolition of the clergy there was no one to administer the Sacraments. So only the tenants of faith that did not need a priest to perform were kept (Lindsey 51). Sola Scriptura was also a necessary doctrine because without a hierarchy to teach the people the correct interpretation of the Bible and to pass down Church Tradition personal interpretation of the Bible needed.

The Reformation was a social rebellion against the old way of life; it was not spiritual revolt due to new doctrines. Corruption of clergy and humanism caused people to be skeptical of the Church that led their faith. The rise of national governments along with a strong sense of nationalism severely weakened the supreme authority of the Church. The Reformation did not continue a direct Renaissance tendency toward larger things, it deflected that tendency. It did not introduce the arts, it cramped and thwarted them. Its last effects have not led to a society happy or stable; they have led to the society we see around us today (Belloc 6).

Belloc, Hilarie How the Reformation Happened Tan Books and Publishers, Inc. Illinois 1.

Catechism of the Catholic Church Double Day. New York 15.

Lindsey, David The Woman and the Dragon Pelican Publishing Company. Gretna 000.

OHare, Patrick The Facts about Luther Tan Books and Publishing, Inc. Illinois 187.

Stravinskas, Peter Catholic Encyclopedia Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. Indiana 18.

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Analyse the impact that globalisation has had on the economic development strategies in an economy other than Australia

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Analyse the impact that globalisation has had on the economic development strategies in an economy other than Australia. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Analyse the impact that globalisation has had on the economic development strategies in an economy other than Australia paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Analyse the impact that globalisation has had on the economic development strategies in an economy other than Australia, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Analyse the impact that globalisation has had on the economic development strategies in an economy other than Australia paper at affordable prices! Analyse the impact that globalisation has had on the economic development strategies in an economy other than Australia

• In the introduction you would explain what globalisation is

• Then you would relate this back to china

• China has had to change their policies such as its dual economy which is part communist and part capitalist• This has changed from its closed economy and things have altered internally

• Once they have become more efficient they have moved to the outside world

Globalisation is the increased integration and interdependency of nations to one anothers economies. There have been many failures in trying to ensure the successfulness of Chinas market in this increasing global economy. Before Dengs election in 178, China had tariffs and political censorship. Up until 178 China was a closed economy. In 14 under Mao Zedong the communist revolution took control, thus ensuring European economies steered clear of the Chinese market. In the 150 s the great leap forward failed along with communist state farms and industrial policies. The general public of China was asking themselves questions, as they were seeing the outside European world (America) modernising before their eyes. Nobody was interested in investing in China. Profit was getting lost with the small bureaucracys. This led to the Cultural Revolution.

Since the election of Deng Xiao Ping in 178 has developed strategies through economic reform to introduce their economy to the global market. This was in order toeak down the barriers.

These strategies have changed and modified the traditional Chinese trade rules thus creating a dual economy which is part communist and part capitalist. The dual economy ensures that this change into the global market does not move to quickly thus, causing it to collapse.

In 178 under Dengs rule there was the agricultural reform, which replaced the commune system with household responsibility system. This was in order to make the market more efficient.

180 open door policy, this saw the development of special economic zones. Trade increased from 105 of GDP in 178 to 6% in 16

1 cuts to tariff and other forms of protection. 1 it was cut to % and in 000 it was 15%.

14 taxation reforms

15 banking law reforms

1 agreement with the USA

001 the world trade agreement membership was entered into. This will expand trade, enhance economic reform, attract higher levels of economic development and foster the rule of law.

Since the 10s economic growth has averaged approximately 10% pa. It is now ranked the 8th largest exporter in the world of manufacturing goods. Globalisation in China has seen development be dependent on special economic zones resulting in dualistic economic and social systems. It has also seen income and social inequality between urban and rural areas

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Systems Analysis

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Systems Analysis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Systems Analysis paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Systems Analysis, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Systems Analysis paper at affordable prices! a. Information, because it is a report made up of data that whenought together becomes a useful document to tell the manager what parts are low in stock.

b. Data, because that one customer alone is useless when its by itself.

c. Data, again this is useless when just an order, would be info if it was a report of all the orders placed in a given time period.

d. Information, because it is a document that presents statistics that can be used for other things.

Write a research paper on Systems Analysis e. Information, because it takes every transaction and payment made to your credit card company and creates a report with Total Balances and interest rates. As well as how much money is now due.

3. Sandra and Bob are Systems Analysts. Galen is the System Owner. The following people are all users: Monica, Steven, Steve, Dick, and Susan.

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8. His current information system is really a personal information system because that is what is used in an office environment when described with word processing and spreadsheets for workers. These type of programs are used and designed to meet the needs of a single user and boost their productivity. To extend this to a true office information system, they can redesign it or modify it slightly to support not only individuals but work groups as well. This would include those workers not located in the same office. Office automation systems are concerned with getting all relevant information to those who need it. This is accomplished through word processing, email, work group computing, work group scheduling, fax processing, imaging and electronic documents, and work flow management.

9.

a. Transaction Processing Systems do bank deposits and withdrawals.

b. Transaction Processing Systems would be used to print out a summary of cash total since that is the system that would keep track of money, like retail point of sale.

c. Management Information Systems because they filter data to report exceptions, which is what checking to see if they have enough money is.

d. Management Information Systems because they print sales reports which is similar to what taking money in and out of a bank is like.

e. Transaction Processing System generates those type of reports.

f. Decision Support system because it will present him with a list of trends where he will then have to make a decision on which stock if any to buy.

g. Expert system because the system is using A.I. to figure out the illness so the doctor doesnt have to spend time figuring it out when the computer can do it so much faster.

h. Office automation and work group because they use email to communicate between an entire workgroup or office.

1) Systems analysis is a problem solving technique that decomposes a system into its component pieces for the purpose of studying how well those component parts work and interact to accomplish their purpose. Systems design is a complementary problem-solving technique that reassembles a systems component pieces back into a complete system—it is hoped an improved system. This may involve adding, deleting, and changing pieces relative to the original system. Information systems analysis is defined as those development phases in a project that primarily focus on the business problem, independent of any technology that can or will be used to implement a solution to that problem.

6) Object oriented analysis is a model driven technique that integrates Data and Process concerns into constructs called Objects. OOA models are pictures that illustrate the systems objects from various perspectives such as structure and behavior. Structured analysis is a model driven, Process-centered technique used to either analyze an existing system, define business requirements for a new system, or both. The models are pictures that illustrate the systems component pieces: processes and their associated inputs, outputs, and files. Information engineering is a model-driven and Data-Centered, but Process-sensitive technique to plan, analyze, and design information systems. IE models are pictures that illustrate and synchronize the systems data and processes.

9) Reverse engineering technology reads the program code for an existing system database, application program, and/or user interface and automatically generates the equivalent system model. It can be used by system analysts and users to provide a blueprint for a new and improved system.

11) Business Process Redesign is the application of systems analysis methods to the goal of dramatically changing and improving the fundamental business processes of an organization, independent of technology.

17) Cause and effect analysis is a technique in which problems are studied to determine their cause and effect. A risk of not performing this type of analysis is not correctly solving a problem or stating a valid solution. You should truly analyze the problem before stating any solution.

19) An objective is a measure of success. It is something that you expect to achieve, if given sufficient resources. A constraint is something that will limit your flexibility in defining a solution to your objectives. Essentially, constraints cannot be changed.

25) Is the solution feasible? That is the question asked in the design phase. IT is checked for Technical feasibility, operational feasibility, economic feasibility, and schedule feasibility. The information systems building blocks can serve as a useful framework for the decision analysis phase. The building blocks indicate our goal to develop a proposal that will fulfill requirements.

Please note that this sample paper on Systems Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Systems Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Systems Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!