The genetic engineering of animal

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Genetic engineering is a new development in 0 century¡¦s technology and it became very animation until now. One of the most comments used is transferring the gene proteins from one thing to anther, which can improve the food quality. We called these food transgenic products. However there still have many considerations.

There is a growth hormone in the cows called the bovine somatotrophin (BST), which stimulate them to produce more milk. In 180 the scientists of America used genetic engineering to extract the DNA, which controlled the hormone BST from the cows cells. Then the scientists transferred this DNA into bacteria¡¦s and found that BST can produce fast in the bacteria. Then the scientists took those BST from the bacteria injected into the cows. The cows developed better appetites after regular injections of the extra hormone BST and secreted large amount of milk. The Bureau of Foods & Drugs of America approved that the milk was safe for consumption. But the immune- system was affected and did not work properly after overdose of BST in the cows. The biggest side effect was the increase of infection of the coweast, so antibiotics were injected into them to treat their infectedeasts also helps strengthen their low immune- system. However a hazard was created as the residual antibiotic deposited in the milk, ice cream (etc. dairy products). Therefore the environment was contaminated.

There are many advantages of the genetic engineering in animal husbandry. Not only increase the amount of product but also detect of many diseases earlier.One of the main purposes that we used genetic engineering for farm animal is to increase in the amount of the milk produced per cow. Milk is the major food for oureakfast, so it requires a lot of yield. Also the prices become cheaper because of more yield. And the poor can hold to buy more.

Other advantage is by using genetic engineering to prolong shelf life of meat. For instance, the scientists used fish gene transfer into tomatoes and these tomatoes can put on the shelf for longer time.

The last but not the least. Now the technology of genetic engineering can detect and treat the diseases such as congenital inheritance or cancer, etc. To change on the new DNA, take off the congenital part. Some incurable disease also can be healed.

In the other hand, any good thing will have its negative part behind. For the genetic engineering, there still have some unknown harms, ethical and biological concerns. Green party also does not want genetic engineering food.

One of the disadvantage is the genetic engineering lead to the eugenics, the weak specimen is loosing in the future. But who will know that those weak parts may become important and be developed in the future.

As with any new technology, the set of risks associated with genetic engineering have almost certainly not been identified. The ability to imagine what might go wrong with a technology is limited by the currently incomplete understand of physiology, genetics, and nutrition.

One of the most ethical concerns is the genetic engineering food may against religion. Transferring animal genes into plants raises important ethical issues for vegetarians and religious group. It may also involve animal experiments, which are unacceptable to many people.

At the last, the environment is contaminated. Because of transferring the gene from one to another, plants contain animal¡¦s genes; animals contain human¡¦s genes. It is unpredictable what may happen to the next generation.

In the conclusion, nothing can be perfect in this world. Learning how to use genetic engineering at the right way is very important. By testing thousand times and then give the safest food for people to enjoy.

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b2k

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on b2k. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality b2k paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in b2k, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your b2k paper at affordable prices! bk is so cool i cant believe i meant them this summer they are so cool and hot and special to me and my heart they are so cool the sweat dripping of there faces they actually touched my hand it was so amazing seeing them up close was the bomb i cant wait to see them next year and raz-b he is the hottest one of them all he has the greatest abs and oh his face is so hot and when there new cd comes out im going to get it because i love bk they are the bast and i will never forget them because i love them and when i grow up i will marry raz-b and i will be asinger in there group because i love them and they are so hot and sexy and muscley and them he touched my hand and i almost fainted and they were so hot and hot and hot and hot and i love them so much i am so happy for my mother because she was the one that took me to the concert and she is the best i dont know whut i would do with out her or raz-b oh wow they are so hot

i cant wait for the next time i willse them because the are so hot and i i i i i i and and and nad and and and oh wow no im stuttering because i love them so much and i dont know whut i would ever do with out any of them in my life even though there no in my life there in my heart and i love them all likeothers or should i say boyfriends because they are so hot and sexy and i love them so much and i cant wait till next year to see them www.expage.com

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Legitimacy of the Patriot Act

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Legitimacy of the Patriot Act. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Legitimacy of the Patriot Act paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Legitimacy of the Patriot Act, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Legitimacy of the Patriot Act paper at affordable prices! In the wake of the attacks of /11 many Americans were changed and an entire country was united by one single event. Never before in American history had one single act of terrorism inflicted so much damage not only to American lives but also to the American spirit. Many were left wondering how the most powerful country in the world with all its resources, technology, money could have let this happen and how truly vulnerable were the American people to such acts. Within weeks of /11 a drastic measure to insure that events like this would never happen again was taken. The USA Patriot Act PL 107-56 (Uniting and Straightening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Obstruct Terrorist) was made law. Although the USA Patriot Act is intended to secure and protect the American people and the American way of life, the benefits may not be worth the cost. Many may argue that in times of great terrorist threats an act such as this is needed, in times of extreme danger extreme measures must be taken. I on the other hand believe that although it is definitely necessary to take actions against terrorism, it is not fair to do so at the expense of the civil liberties of the people or a single group of people. This paper will first identify the formal players who took part in making sure that the Patriot Act would pass into law and then concentrate the effects of the new law on the American people.

As we all know the passing of a proposed act into an actual law is a long and for the most part non-successful process, which involves congress and the administration. More often then not proposed bills will never even make it to the presidents desk, but this is not the case with the Patriot act. Not only was this entirely new anti-terrorism billed drafted with in a couple weeks of /11, but it was also passed buy 8-1 in the Senate and 57-66 in the House of Representatives with support from the President. As we have learned from the textbook, evidence from actual congress, but most importantly from the Game of Politics Simulation, it is very rare for a bill as controversial as the USA Patriot Act to pass to law with such ease. For example, controversial bills that were presented in the simulation (such as bill 06) went though many drafts written by the Presidents administration and different committees before it was even voted out of committee to be voted on by the Senate or House. Now imagine a bill just as controversial as 06 of the simulation, but 0 times longer, drafted perhaps by many people with different opinions, relating to an actual population of a country, and proposed in a time of intense uncertainty. With all these factors it is quit frankly amazing the speed for which USA Patriot Act became law.

Although formal players, such as President Bush, John Ascroft, members of congress, and the way in which it was presented as necessary for the protection of the country, played the most important part in the passing the Patriot Act, I believe that if the support of the people (informal players) were not there, such a law would have never passed. As evident in media coverage after /11 (another informal player), all of the

country could not believe that such an event could happen on American soil and most of America was willing to take drastic measures to insure that such an event would never happen again, even were even willing to give up some of their right in order for the government to better defend the nation against acts of terrorism. The atrocity of /11 in a way blinded the American people into believing that the only way to prevent an act like this from happening was to trust in the government to do the right thing and take the necessary steps and according the government that step was the Patriot Act. But now over one year later the true effects of this law can be seen. Professional writers help on Legitimacy of the Patriot Act essays The results of this political decision are some that most Americans do not know about because it does not directly affect them. The USA Patriot Act is a new law that basically gives the national government expansive new powers to find and eliminate terrorist and terrorism in the United States. Some of the new powers granted to the government under this law areoadening the types of records that the government can obtain through ISP, distribution of 00 million dollars over the next years to the FBIs Technical Support Center (an arm of the FBI that takes care of technical surveillance), the ability to obtain private records without a court order when there is a relevance to terrorist activities, and an increase in roving wire taps. These are just a few of the many abilities granted to the government under the new law, but as can clearly be seen her, interfere directly with some civil liberties.

It is quit evident who the winner and losers are in regard to the decisions made in order to protect our country from the acts of terrorism by passing the Patriot Act. On the

long end of the stick is the American Government in general. First of more powers are now granted to the government and its many agencies in order to keep an eye on those who are believed to be terrorist and to take the necessary steps to prevent terrorism acts. Now more federal funds will be allotted to such bureaucratic organizations such as the FBI, CIA, but most importantly Department of Homeland Security, which will operate separately from any previous autocratic department.

On the short end of the stick however are is the general population who believe that their freedoms are being well protected when in fact it might be the exact opposite. Because of these new laws it is basically possible for any suspected terrorist to be apprehended and held. But at of the American population no other single group will loose more liberties then the Muslim population. A perfect example that reflects this opinion is the apprehension and detention of Ejaz Hieder, an editor of one of Pakistans most influential newspapers and who at the time was a guest scholar atookings institution. On January 8, 00 he was stopped and apprehended buy two INS in Washington D.C. were he had been invited by US State department in order to speak about US-Pakistan relationships. Hieder was taken to a detention center interrogated and only finally let free when high ranking officials from the State Department intervened (Foreign Affairs, May/Jun00, Vol. 8 Issue , p8). Now if you can imagine this happening to a guest of the United States Government, just imagine what is happening to those in the Muslim population who have no government connections, are here on work or student visa, or even worse, are here illegally. If this were to have happened a white

American suspected of terrorism, or even another type of minority such as African-Americans or Latinos, civil liberties groups would have had a field day with the press. But it did not and for that reason very few people even heard about it.

Many may argue that because of the heightened security and danger of terrorist acts, minor problems like these are expectable in order for the better of the entire nation and protect American liberties. But how far will be to far. What about the liberties of those most affected by just laws and the Patriot Act? The country may be comfortable right now with the way thing are being run since the general population are not terrorist or Muslims for that matter and there for do not have to worry about the new and extended powers of the government. And who is to decide when the terrorist threat is neutralized and laws such as the Patriot Act are no longer needed? What will happen then? I fear that only after drastic deprivations of civil liberties will the American people truly start to feel the pain from such laws like the USA Patriot Act.

Please note that this sample paper on Legitimacy of the Patriot Act is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Legitimacy of the Patriot Act, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Legitimacy of the Patriot Act will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations.

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations. paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations., therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations. paper at affordable prices! How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the L-O-N.

 Mussolini wanted rich fertile land; wealthy minerals revenge and to build up his countries over seas empire.

 Mussolini attacked Ethiopia knowing that the League would not put forward sanctions against him.

 Lack of effectiveness by the sanctions set on Japan encouraged Mussolini to invade Abyssinia.

Custom writing service offers papers on How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations.  Ethiopia was set in between two Italian colonies where he could amass force.

 Ethiopia was poor and militarily week.

 Mussolini tricked the L-O-N into thinking he was trying to settle the dispute; however he was actually preparing a full-scale attack on Haile Selassies country.

itain and France, the leading European countries in charge of the League were afraid of offending Mussolini by placing sanctions against him.

 Italy was seen as one of the strongest alliesitain and France had against Germany.

 The Stresa Pact had been signed in 1935; Mussolini may have thought thatitain and France would turn a blind eye against him if he invaded the inferior African country.

 The Hoare-Laval plan wasought into action on the 4th September 1935.

 This plan was to give Mussolini and Italy 2/3s of Abyssinia.

 However theitish Foreign Minister Hoare, was forced to resign as soon as these secret plans became public.

 From somewhere, the League of Nations was being undermined from within its members.

 Mussolini rejected these plans; and so in October 1935 he and his army invaded Ethiopia on a full-scale attack.

 Mussolini became a bully, he invaded a helpless country which fought with spears and 18th Century rifles; no match for a 20th Century army.

 This time round, the league was ideally placed to impose sanctions.

 Loans, Italian imports (rubber tin and metals) and exports, arms dealing were all immediately banned.

 However, the power in the Italian engine was discussed in great detail. The import of oil to the Italian army was not banned as the League thought that if this had been carried out, the decision would have been un-favourable with America.

 The cabinet put in place to decide the bans was worried that their own economic interests would be harmed by this ban.

 The cabinet was also informed that if exports to Italy involving coal were to be banned, then 30,000itish coal miners would lose their jobs.

 A quick resolution to stop the Abyssinian crisis would have been to block off the Suez Canal, which was open to the Italian army.

 However the problem with this sanction was that relations with Italy would have been in tatters.itain and France did not want a war with Italy, as she was a strong ally.

 Problems within the League could only get worse. Rise Chancellor Adolf Hitler.

 Hitler marched his troops into the Rhineland on the 7th March 1936, a prohibited act against the Treaty of Versailles (Paris Peace Settlement).

 Hopes of France backing the sanctions proposed against Italy were now all but over.

 The French Government and army were desperate for the support of Italy. They were prepared to give into Mussolini over Abyssinia.

 Surprisingly to many theitish and French officials believed their handling over the Ethiopian Crisis would strengthen their stand against Hitler.

 However in November 1936, the Italians and Germans signed the Rome-Berlin axis, an agreement between Mussolini and Hitler.

 Italy became oblivious to the Leagues orders and sanctions.

 Mussolini, in May 1936 took Addis Abada (Ethiopian capital).

 By 9th May 1936 the Italian hot head had annexed the entire country.

 Haile Selassie resigned and fled the country.

 The league watched on helpless to the pleas for help.

Conclusion- Collective security had been shown up as an empty promise, it lacked depth and the League had failed again. Would an army have helped the league? The League of Nations once again proved that it was out of its depth in trying to deal with bigger nations. By cutting off the Suez Canal much trouble and loss of life would have been saved.

Please note that this sample paper on How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on How the Ethiopian Crisis affected the league of nations. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Advertisings Illusion

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Advertisings Illusion. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Advertisings Illusion paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Advertisings Illusion, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Advertisings Illusion paper at affordable prices! Advertising is a destructive force that looks to exploit the ideals that this country was founded on. Jack Solomons essay, "Master of Desire The Culture of American Advertising," analyzes American advertising and its fallacy. Because of the freedom allowed in a democratic society, social mobility has always been a part of American culture. Through hard work and/or just plain luck, a person of lower class can become one of upper class in a very short time. This is very different than the majority of European societies, where the social classes are static, or mainly aristocratic. American advertising looks to exploit this characteristic of American society.

Jack Solomon and David Ogilvy both perceive advertising as something different than the other. Jack Solomon uses semiology, the study of signs, to analyze the American culture. He believes that the American paradox or the American dream is seen as being contradicted within advertisements. His main idea of advertising is that the reader is being "manipulated" into buying their particular item(s). Fear to fit in or to have a certain status within society, sex, and unrealistic fantasies have lied within advertisements for years. Solomon thinks that advertising companies use certain ideas to modify certain body behaviors and to create frenzy about a particular good. On the other hand, there is David Ogilvy, who sees advertising as a way of living, and that people like Jack Solomon are just reading too deep into the ads. He believes that there are too many laws that regulate the kind of advertising that is false, and that advertising is not manipulative due to this. He believes that the consumer can decipher whether or not to purchase a certain good based on his own intuition. The two authors have completely different views about advertising and the way it is represented.

The social mobility enjoyed by Americans has created the American dream. The American dream is the idea that a poor person can earn a fortune and make it big in a very short time. Because of the American dream, many Americans strive to better themselves and move up on the social hierarchy. The advertising for higher end products has targeted this dream for manyof its advertising campaigns. Americans who want to show off their wealth generally look for a product that only wealthy Americans can buy. This creates the envy of lower class people who only dream of owning a product of such high prestige. The wealthy American does not need a super fast car, or a car with many high tech features. They feed off of the image of the car, and the envy of the lower classes. Both the image and the envy are both created by the advertising for that product. In an ad for Mercedes-Benz, it says "You wont believe whats under the hood." The Mercedes looks very classy, and to add to that it is considered a "beast." People who see a man driving a luxury car automatically think that that man is wealthy or important. If it wasnt for that car, that man might look like everyone else, and you would have no idea that he made over $00,000 a year. Solomon makes this point in his piece of work by stating, "If it werent for his Mercedes-Benz and Manhattan townhouse, the parvenu Wall Street millionaire often couldnt be distinguished from the man who tailors his suits (4).

Upper class people who can afford to buy expensive cars or expensive clothing are not part of the destruction that is caused by this type kind of advertising. Although they are still influence by advertising, they have the money to spend on products that they dont really need. The problem lies in the middle and/or lower class. If a middle or lower class person wants to feel important or prestigious, they will look to emulate what these advertisements portray. This often leads to a person trying to live above his or her means. A middle or lower class individual might not be able to realistically afford a Merced-Benz or Lexus, but the illusion that was created by the advertising company is too great. That middle or lower class person gets together all the money he can and buys an expensive car, just for the status it hypothetically woulding. This is often at the cost of some other essential item, such as food, basic clothing, or schooling. There is another scenario where the illusion created by advertising holds a destructive role. In the very poor parts of the country, such as the inner-city, the urge created by advertising is often too great. This urge leads people to do everything in their power to acquire these products that create the illusion that one is upper class. This often leads people into drug dealing, or various other forms of crime. If it wasnt for the image that advertising creates then this urge might not be as strong as it is. Another aspect of advertising that is a destructive force in American society is sex. Solomon says that, "Sex never fails as an attention-getter, and in a particularly competitive, and expensive, era for American marketing, advertisers like to bet on a sure thing (54)". In respect to morals and religion, sex is being used far too much in advertising and it is corrupting our culture. Sex is something that is meant to be and remain private, but it is the exact opposite when used by advertising companies, who publicize it. The advertisers try and portray the image that a certain product can make you attractive and sexy. Even products that have no relation with sex at all, such as beer or Doritos, try to sell with sex. These advertisements are complete lies. At least a Mercedes-Benz actually doesing you attention and prestige, though maybe not in a sexual way. In the Doritos commercial, a beautiful, young woman appears with a bag of Doritos and seems to be the superhero. But the reality is that women wont want you because you are drinking a cert type of beer. Beautiful women wont appear just because you are eating Doritos and drinking a Pepsi. Attractive men arent going to want a woman just because she is wearing a certainand of jeans, such as Calvin Klein. The billboard ads for Calvin Klein represent people who feel sexy and feel the same way about themselves because of the tone in which it sets equality and success. Ogilvy says that while these ads make up only two percent of advertising, it itself makes business while causing accidents, "Highways with billboards have three times as many accidents as highways without billboards (101)." Most ads want the reader toing their fantasies to the surface, and let the advertisement hypnotize them, and these misconceptions that advertisers are creating are corrupting our minds into thinking the way they would expect us to.

Presently in American, the majority of the public knows and sees the fallacy of advertisements. This hasought about another form of advertising that looks to feed off the emotions of the public. These advertisements look to present their products in a realistic way, hoping to fool the public into believe it. These advertisements often target the common person, by showing actors that look like normal, everyday people. The advertisements often lack special effects, skillful camera work, or even color. The purpose of these advertisements is that they hope the average American will relate to the commercial and eventually purchase the product because of that.

Advertisingings out the worst in the American society. Other forms of media, such as movies or music add to this destructive force. The Americans urge to live the

American dream and drive a luxury car while everyone who admires them is one of many examples. The lengths that some people go to get this admiration or status in life, is where the results of this corruption show. Advertising not only exploits the American dream, but it also lies to us. It mostly targets younger people who dont realize that a type of soda isnt going to make you attractive. Americans need to be aware of the fallacy that lies within American advertising. Within is work, Solomon tries to make it clear that advertisement is indeed "manipulative" and fictitious, while Ogilvy tries to contradict him in saying that it is not "manipulative", but merely a "reasonably efficient way to sell (6)." In the end these lies and misconceptions are destroying our conception of reality and turning America into a fantasy land.

Please note that this sample paper on Advertisings Illusion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Advertisings Illusion, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Advertisings Illusion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Zoroastrainism

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Zoroastrainism. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Zoroastrainism paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Zoroastrainism, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Zoroastrainism paper at affordable prices! Zoroastrianism was once a very widespread religion, but now it has few adherents (about 150,000). It connects more closely with the Bible than any other religion, excepting, of course, Judaism and Christianity. For example, the Bible mentions some of the Zoroastrian kings who ruled the Persian Empire. These kings (Cyrus, Ahasuerus, and Darius) are named in Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Haggai, Zechariah, and 2 Chronicles.

This religion is the product of one man, Spitoma Zoroaster, who lived about the seventh century B.C. (his dates are sometimes given as 628-551 B.C.). Zoroaster is the Greek form of his name; he is also known by his Avestan name, Zarathustra. What little we know about Zoroaster comes from the Gathas, a set of hymns included in the Zoroastrian scriptures (the Avesta). Zoroaster was born in Persia at a time when the popular religion was the worship of the Aryan nature gods.

In the third century A. D., a reformation movement within Zoroastrianism began, which helped restore its original monotheistic purity. However, the spread of Christianity and especially the spread of Islam all but eliminated Zoroastrianism in Persia.

The Muslims defeated Persia (A.D. 651), and the Zoroastrians who would not renounce their religion had to flee. They eventually found refuge not far from Bombay, India (A.D. 717). The priests reorganized the people and the religious worship ceremonies in the new land. These Zoroastrians who moved to India came to be known as Parsis (Persians). Today there are only about 120,000 Parsis in India and another 30,000 in Iran. The Parsis are well-educated, moral people, and many of them are financially successful. They have kept themselves aloof from Hinduism, almost like a separate caste.

Custom writing service offers papers on Zoroastrainism The Zoroastrian scriptures, the Avesta (knowledge) are written in Avestan, a language similar to Sanskrit. A commentary (lend) was added in the third century A.D., and the combined scriptures and commentary are called the Zend-Avesta. The Avesta is divided into two parts: (1) The Great Avesta contains the Yasna (which includes the Gathas, songs written by Zoroaster), the Visparad, and the Verridad. (2) The Small Avesta is a ritual and prayer book.

The most distinctive feature of Zoroastrian teaching is its dualism. It paints a picture of a constant struggle between two primal spirits, one good and one bad. Ahura Mazda (or Ormazd) is considered the supreme deity who will eventually triumph over Angra Mainyu (Ahriman), the devil. While Ahura Mazda is one god, he is depicted as having seven diverse attributes, called the AmeshaSpentas. Later Zoroastrianism turned these attributes into lesser gods or archangels. Angra Mainyu also has seven attributes, the corresponding opposites of those of Ahura Mazda:

Ahura Zazda -The Seven Attributes Angra Mainyu - The Seven Attributes

Ahura Mazda -God of Light, Wisdom Angra Mainyu (Prince of Darkness)

Asha (Right, Justice) Druj (Falsehood)

Vohu Monah (Good, Mind, Thought) Akem (Evil Mind)

Kshathra (Power, Strength) Dush-Kshathra (Cowardice)

Haurvatat (Health and Perfection) Taromaiti (False Pretense)

Ameretat (Immortality) Avetat (Misery)

Armaiti (Piety, Love, Faith) Merethyn (Annihilation)

Zoroastrianism presents a works salvation which emphasizes very high moral standards. The three great virtues are good thoughts, good words, and good deeds. Each person must freely choose truth over falsehood. Salvation is achieved only if a person has a moral credit balance, that is, if his good deeds outweigh his bad deeds.

The bodies of all the dead will be resurrected, and there is a final judgment. Each soul comes to the Siftingidge or Decidingidge which leads to heaven (the House of Songs). Those who fall off thisidge descend into hell. At the end of time all who are evil are finally destroyed by a fiery stream of molten metal. Angra Mainyu and his demons will also be annihilated. Before these judgments occur, the Avesta teaches, a savior or deliverer (Soshyant) will appear.

Rituals and formulas have become so much a part of this religion that Zoroastrians seem to be concerned more with ceremonial purity than with ethical purity. There is an emphasis on avoiding defilement by certain things, especially dead bodies. When a Parsi dies, he is not buried or burned because Zoroastrians do not want to defile the earth, water, or the sacred fire. Therefore they place the body in a Tower of Silence where the bones are picked clean by vultures.

SUMMARY:

(1) The Zoroastrian view of God is closer to that of Christianity than any other major Eastern religion. It is monotheistic, and Ahura Mazda has many of the attributes of Jehovah. However, the god of Zoroastrianism falls short in at least two ways:

(a) Angra Mainyu, the spirit of evil, appears to be as powerful as Ahura Mazda. This dualism indicates that Ahura Mazda is not really sovereign and omnipotent. He does not actually have the power to defeat Angra Mainyu even though the Avesta says he will at last.

(b) Ahura Mazda is not a personal god like the God of the Bible. Worship is centered around ritual forms, not a personal relationship.

(2) Salvation is achieved by works, not by faith. If a man's good works outweigh his bad works, he is allowed into heaven. The problem of man's sinfulness is not resolved, and heaven will be populated by sinners. Because of this, Ahura Mazda does not possess the burning righteousness of the God of the Bible.

(3) In this religion the good has become the enemy of the best. There are a number of parallels with Christianity, but these similarities often obscure the critical differences.

(4) In actual practice, Zoroastrianism involves superstition and occultism. This is especially true of the near worship of the sacred fire and the white bull in the temples.

(5) Modern Zoroastrianism is characterized by empty ritual, ceremonial forms, and by legalism

ISLAM

CONTENTS PAGE / WORLD RELIGIONS PAGE

What major religion:

1- has gained thousands of converts in North America, including many professional athletes?

2- is the youngest among major world religions, but still one of the largest?

3- is so missionary minded that it is seeking to convert Western countries, not just African and Asian countries?

4- is the fastest growing religion today in the world?

The answer to all of the above is Islam, a religion that claims nearly 1.5 billion (out of a World population of 6.8 billion) followers in countries throughout the world, an amount equal to or larger than that of the Roman Catholic Church. (1.2 billion)

So then, we need to take a long and very serious look at this one. Every Christian should know as much about this Religion as they can, so that they are equipped to defend against it.

Islam originated in what is now Saudi Arabia, and from there it expanded along trade routes to Africa and Asia. The country with the most Muslims is Indonesia, with 120 million. In addition, there are millions more in parts of Eastern and Western Europe and in the Americas. One out of every six human beings on the face of the earth subscribes to the faith of Islam. It is one of the fastest growing of all religions on the earth today.

Islam is the correct name for the religion often incorrectly called Mohammedanism. The word "Islam" means "submission" (to Allah, the God of Mohammed, the man who founded this religion). A believer in Mohammed's religion is a Muslim, meaning "one who lives his life according to God's will."

HOW MOHAMMED BECAME A PROPHET

Born in Arabia in the city of Mecca in A.D. 570, Mohammed came from a prominent and highly respected family. His father died a few days before his birth, and his mother died when he was six years old. Mohammed's grandfather took him in but died when Mohammed was nine. Then he went to live in the home of Abu Talid, his uncle, where he herded flocks. As he grew older, Mohammed got into the caravan trade and accompanied his uncle on trips to Syria and Persia.

Scholars believe that, in his travels, Mohammed developed his concepts of monotheism from several sources, including the Monophysites, who believed that Christ had only a divine nature, and Nestorians, who divided the Incarnate Christ into two separate natures, divine and human, in one person (denying that the man Jesus of Nazareth was both fully God and fully man). In addition, it is believed he absorbed a great deal of teaching from Jews who exposed him to the Talmud.

As a result, it is unlikely that Mohammed's opportunities to learn about "the one true God" came in great part from anyone who really understood the Bible. Even a Muslim writer like Caesar Farah admits that Mohammed's narration of scriptural events shows he "could not have . . . had an educated knowledge of the sacred texts."' it is no wonder that Mohammed developed theologically flawed ideas, which he later expressed when developing the Qur'an (also called Koran).

As a young man working in the caravan trade, Mohammed attracted the attention of his employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija. Although she was 40 years old and he was 25 when they were married, they lived happily together and she bore him several children. After his marriage, Mohammed spent much of his time during the next 15 years in solitary meditation. At the age of 40, he received his first revelation while contemplating in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca. According to Mohammed, the archangel Gaiel came to him during a dream andought the following command of God:

""Read in the name of thy Lord who created, who created man of blood coagulated. Read! Thy Lord is the most beneficent, who taught by the pen, taught that what they knew not unto men.""

From this command to "read" comes the name for the holy book of Islam, the Qur'an, meaning "the reciting" or "the reading." Because Mohammed could not read or write, the Qur'an is his reciting of revelations given to him.

After receiving his first revelation, Mohammed was deeply disturbed and told his wife he thought he might be possessed by jinns, supernatural beings that, according to Arabic folklore, could take human or animal form and influence human affairs. But Khadija assured him that his words were true, as did her cousin, Waraqua ibn Nawfal, who was somewhat familiar with the Jewish and Christian concepts of monotheism. It was through Waraqua's urging, as well as Khadija's, that Mohammed began to preach again in the streets and marketplaces in Mecca. Mohammed never claimed to be divine but insisted that Allah had called him to be a prophet.

Mohammed hated the idolatry and the immorality of the Arabs who lived in Mecca or came there to trade their goods. The rich lorded it over the poor. Greed and selfishness were everywhere, and even infanticide was practiced among the Bedouin tribes. He was met with bitter opposition, but for many years his influential uncle was able to protect him.

When both Khadija and Mohammed's uncle died in A.D. 620, plots were hatched to kill Mohammed and his followers. Finally, on July 16, 622, Mohammed was forced to flee to Yathrib, a friendlier city to the north. This flight, called the hegira, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The years are counted from "A.H.," meaning "the year of the Hegira." Yathrib was later renamed Madinat an Nabi (City of the Prophet), in honor of Mohammed, but it is more commonly known as Medina. Mohammed became the religious and political leader of the city.

Soon the Meccans organized an army to destroy Mohammed and his followers. The fighting ended in 630 with Islamic forces triumphant. Mohammed entered Mecca and destroyed every idol in the Kaaba, the main temple, except the Black Stone, a sacred meteorite enshrined there. Mohammed then declared the Kaaba to be the most holy shrine in Islam. Since that time it has been the spot toward which all devout Muslims direct their prayers.

During the next two years, Mohammed strengthened his position as the leading prophet and ruler of Arabia. He united the tribes into a vast army to conquer the world for Allah. His death in 632 did not lessen the fervor of his followers. They carried their faith across Asia, Africa, even into Europe-and to this day the growth of Islam has steadily increased to its current worldwide status of nearly 1 billion.

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