ttar baby

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ttar baby. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ttar baby paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in ttar baby, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your ttar baby paper at affordable prices! Disco, glitter glam and racial tension. The seventys were a rocking good time, but what lay beneath the civil rights movement? It was a crucial time for American society. Along with the equality of the civil rights movement also came a backlash of uncertainty for all Ethnicitys. In Toni Morrisons novel, "Tar Baby," she rips apart racial tension and social assimilation, while exposing the causes without pushing solutions. She leaves up to the reader to decipher a solution for themselves. She puts an educated, fair skinned model right in the middle of the racial battle. Jadine is the central catalyst between the races but she is not a "race traitor." She is an educated, professional woman but does it matter if shes also black?

Toni Morrison doesnt give us much of a background on Jadine. All we know is that she was orphaned at the ripe old age of twelve and that she came to the island to live with her aunt Ondine and her uncle Sydney who are in service to Valerian and Margaret Street. Valerian is a well to do white American who supported Jadine and put her through college at the Sorbonne in France. Jadine has a degree in art history but makes her money through modeling for elite magazines. She is quite wealthy her self but she believes that she is coming to the end of her career. Throughout the story Jadine is faced with both a desire for and a repulsion of her race.

Jadine coexists in her social-economical boundaries quite well. She bounces from the upper and lower class structure with in LArbe de la Croix to manipulate the situation to her best advantage. Though she was born into the black race she has over stepped her social status because of her exceptional beauty and her quick intellect. Therefore, she is accepted by the upper class as more of an equal and less of a servant. Which is why she sits at the dinner table with Valerian and Margaret while also sleeping on the top floor along with them. Yet Ondine and Sydney also accept her because she is a blood relative and is like their adopted daughter. Which is why it isnt uncommon for her to take her lunch in the kitchen with Sydney while Ondine cooks for the white couple. She has a very diverse role when it comes to relating to the people within the house. Although everyone is very aware of her race they surpass her color and focus more on her individuality more than her race.

Although, Jadine co-exists very well within the confines of the island, American society doesnt know how to view her. The white society acknowledges her beauty and her intellect bit still views her as middle class because of her race. She still can not overcome the color of her own skin, therefore, making it hard for her to relate to white people. On the other hand, black society views her as a race traitor because she doesnt give back to her cultural community. She doesnt know the hardships and struggle of being black and poor in America because she has always had the better (white) things in life. In the Lynell George article, "Gray Boys, Funky Aztecs and Honorary Homegirls," George looks at Los Angles nearing the 0th century. On the subject of integrating racial relations he states the opposition, "Some argue that this sort of (racial) mixing dilutes culture and creates innumerable lost souls." Which is exactly how Jadine feels every time she sees a proud black woman or man. In turn she finds herself attracted to their sense of pride in their race. That is why Son is so mysterious and she desires him for being a strong, very black male.

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Through this social barrage of racial tension, Jadine cant identify with either race. She doesnt know how to fuse with the people of her race. Which makes her desire the beautiful cultural mysteries that she should have learned to respect. That is what the woman in yellow represents to Jadine. The woman in yellow is a strong black woman who is beautiful and secure within the bounds of her race. Which embodies everything that Jadine is striving to be. She is shocked by the boldness and the strength portrayed by the woman. Morrison describes the woman in yellow by the nonchalance of her walk, "She strolled along the aisle, eggs on high, to the cashier, who tried to tell her that the eggs were sold by the dozen or half-dozen…She swallowed and was about to try again when the woman reached into her pocket of her yellow dress and put a ten-louis piece on the counter and walked away, away, gold tracking the floor and leaving them all behind"(p.45-46) Just an example of what Jadine admires about her race and wishes she could connect with but she cannot be accepted by the dark race.

Jadine isnt a race traitor simply because of the fact that although she cant relate on a cultural level she still finds beauty and elegance in her race. She desires to be closely identified with something other than professionally. She wants the comfort of belonging to something greater than herself. Therefore when it comes to confronting her non-black lifestyle, she believes her race is a non-issue. Son challenges her loyalty to her race the first time they meet in her room when she believes he is going to rape her. He says, "Rape? Why you little white girls always thing somebodys trying to rape you?" He is trying to push her buttons to get her emotionally distressed so that he can have the upper hand. She retaliates with, "…Im gonna kill you. For that alone for pulling that black woman-white-woman shit on me." Although Jadine is distraught she still doesnt want some big, black, threatening man she doesnt even know playing on her insecure cultural position. She has been told time and again that shes not black enough but since when is that an issue when it comes to rape? What, is rape color sensitive? She believes

Please note that this sample paper on ttar baby is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ttar baby, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on ttar baby will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

doing nothing

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on doing nothing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality doing nothing paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in doing nothing, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your doing nothing paper at affordable prices! Chris Carey

8/8/0

6th period

Doing Much of Nothing With No One in Particular

Online writing services offer help on doing nothing

The night was dark and modestly stormy. I was on a holiday from school and was visiting my fathers humble abode. While I was relaxing in front of the television watching one of my favorites called Shasta McNasty, there was a strange uncomfortable sensation building up in the pit of my stomach. I was on theink of starving, the feeling of panic started to set in. There was half a pint of milk in the fridge and a box of fruity pebbles left in the kitchen cabinet. I jolted up from my reclined position on the couch and retrieved the two items to prepare a heaping bowl of cereal. I was half way through my meal when I was awakened from my euphoric state (caused by the cereal) by an ear shattering ring. I looked around and located the telephone and proceeded to answer the telecommunications device. On the other end of the phone was Leon, he wanted to know if I wanted to hang out with him later. The reply I gave to him was "yes." He came over about a quarter past eleven o clock.

We left my house in his Ford Ranger and traveled to the subdivision where he lived for the past four years. "We stopped a few houses" before his at Tracy Wolmers to discuss the plans for the night. Leon knocked on the door and Tracys youngerother answered the door and told us that Tracy has been down the street at Emilys for the past twenty minutes. I bid farewell to Dillyn as Leon and I meandered towards Emilys house.

On the way Leon started coaxing me into going up to Wal Mart to race the wheel chairs around the store. At first I was not to keen about the idea, because my stomach was not satisfied with the half a bowl of cereal and was begging me for more. I suggested to him that we stop at Waffle House on the way to get some grub, he nodded as a sign of approval. Leon knocked violently on the door, which caused a single blood curdling scream from within the house. Emily opened the door and pointed us in the direction at which we might find Tracy. I tried to hold my composure but could not contain myself any longer and burst into a fury of laughs, which were silenced with a swift kick to the stomach by Emily. After this we met up with Tracy and the usual informal greetings were exchanged. Leon proposed his idea of going out to Wal Mart and Waffle House, Tracy denied the offer of joining us and let us know how much he would like to just "chill" with his girlfriend for the night. Leon and I took our cue and left them alone.

We traveled up the road toward his truck and got in. With a swift turn of the key in the ignition we were off to go and have dinner at Waffle House. We arrived at Waffle House at about one thirty or two o clock and sat ourselves near the window near his truck so we can keep an eye on it while we eat. I glanced over Leons shoulder and noticed a woman sitting at the counter with her boyfriend. Upon closer examination I noticed she had auise on the right side of her face. Theuise covered her cheek and the temple area of her face. While I was discretely watching her I noticed she began crying and excused herself to go to the restroom. I was curious how thisuise could have occurred and told Leon about this girl. He thought that the guy might be her boyfriend and he got a little carried away in an argument and smacked her a few times. Leon continued that he could haveought her here to apologize for his actions. The girl in question returned from the restroom and took her seat back. I began to stare "deeply into her my gaze" almost going through her. She turned her head in my direction and our eyes met instead of cutting my line of vision away from hers. I simply smiled and waved to her and that sorrowful face changed to aoken smile.

The waitress came around not long after this and handed us our meals. My stomach was fully satisfied after devouring three cheese eggs that were also accompanied by three pieces of toast. Leon only ordered a coffee and sipped it quietly as he grinned to himself. I was in no mood to grin or look happy after my thoughts about the girl siting in front of me continued to wander more and more. Leon had to call my name several times before he could get my attention. He was trying to get me to pay my bill so we could go to Wal Mart. I paid then we left.

The Ranger pulled in to the parking lot at about three A.M. and advanced upon a parking spot. We got out of the car and headed towards the door. Leon stopped me to get me to walk in there like I had a bum leg while he went in pretending he had surgery on his lower mid section and wasnt suppose to walk all that much. I went in first and started to get on one of the electric wheel chairs when I heard someone shout in my direction. I could not distinguish what was said but by the tone i could tell it was negative. I pretended not to hear anything and hopped on the electric cart. As I did this I heard a rhythmic jingling get closer to me until it was right behind me. As I turned to see what or who it was I identified a small and frail looking old man that was employed by Wal Mart. He started to mumble with a southern twang and I just sat there starring at him like a deer stuck in headlights. He repeated himself clearer than last and I was able to distinguish that he was trying to find out why I was using a granny cart to get around. I explained to him that I sustained a severe chess injury during the championship game. The elderly man looked at me as if I had an abnormally large strand of mucus crawling out of the interior of my nose. He waved me on and let me know that he hopes my leg gets better.

I made my way to the electronic section of the store and was completing my third lap around the CD rack when I saw a glimpse of Leons head creeping towards me. When he finally came into full view, he had the goofiest look on his face. He stopped in front of me and cracked up laughing. He too had a granny cart and tried to tell me what happened up front with the same elderly man. Leon said when he got on the cart that an old man stood behind him trying to obstruct the path of the cart. The man according to Leon did not "speak right" and continued to say "weird mixed up things about not messing with wild chandeliers." Leon realized that the statement was actually a question about his handicap enabling him from walking. Leon explained to him that he caught himself on his velcro pants and was mentally scared for life. He later told me he shed a few tears which possibly was the key granting him access to the electric cart.

We started our races at about four o clock A.M. and continued them until about five. We took aeak over in the toy section of the store. I told Leon that I was being followed by the store manager and right as I said this Leon backed into a shelf piled high with about fifty to sixty buckets and shovel combos knocking every last one to the ground. Right after doing so the store manager came over to tell us it is time for us to escort ourselves out. We left the store and got into the Ford Ranger. Leon wanted to rest his eyes for a minute before we left. Immediately after closing our eyes we fell into an unpenetrable slumber.

Please note that this sample paper on doing nothing is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on doing nothing, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on doing nothing will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Guatemala

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Guatemala. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Guatemala paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Guatemala, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Guatemala paper at affordable prices! The country I chose to do my report on is Guatemala. Guatemala was freed of Spanish colonial rule in 181. Around 160, Guatemala experienced a 6-year guerrilla war. In 16, the government signed a peace agreement that finally ended the conflict, which had led to the death of more than 100,000 people and had created some 1 million refugees. I will be hitting points on Guatemalas geography, their economy, and their government.

Guatemala is located in Middle America. It borders the Caribbean Sea, Honduras, Belize, the North Pacific Ocean, El Salvador and Mexico. It occupies 108,80 square km. Only 460 square km is water. Guatemala has a tropical climate. Guatemalas land is mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains. The highest point in Guatemala is Volcan Tajumulco, a volcano, at 4,11 meters. There are numerous volcanoes in mountains. Guatemala also suffers from occasional violent earthquakes. The Caribbean coast is extremely vulnerable to hurricanes and other tropical storms.

The agricultural in this country is responsible for a lot of the development. It accounts for about one-fourth of GDP, two-thirds of exports, and half of the labor force. Coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products. Sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom, cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens are also other products.

Former President Arzu, 16-000, worked to implement a program of economic liberalization and political modernization. The signing of the peace accords in 6, which ended 6 years of civil war, removed a major obstacle to foreign investment. Current challenges include increasing government revenues, negotiating further assistance from international donors, and increasing the efficiency and openness of both government and private financial operations. Regardless of low international prices for Guatemalas main merchandise, the economy grew by % in 000 and .% in 001. Guatemala, along with Honduras and El Salvador, recently completed a free trade agreement with Mexico and has moved to protect international property rights.Guatemala declared independence from Spain on September 15, 181. The Government of Guatemala is quite similar to the United States. It is a constitutional democratic republic. In the Executiveanch, the president is the chief of state and the head of government. Then there is a cabinet, which is a Council of Ministers that is appointed by the president. In the Legislativeanch, the Congress of Republic is elected by popular vote and serves a four-year term. In the Judicialanch, there is a Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has thirteen members that serve "concurrent" five-year terms. They also elect a president of the Court each year. One responsibility of the President is to supervise trial judges all around the country. In the Constitutional Court, the congress elects five judges to concurrent five-year terms and each judge serves one year as the President of the Constitutional Court.

I hope that I haveoadened your knowledge about Guatemala in any way. Again, I hope you know more about the geography, their economy, and their government.

Please note that this sample paper on Guatemala is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Guatemala, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Guatemala will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Alfred Noble

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Alfred Noble. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Alfred Noble paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Alfred Noble, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Alfred Noble paper at affordable prices! The inventor of dynamite was a very important roll to take part in. The ultimate inventor of it was a mane named Alfred Nobel. Before dynamite, miners had to use nitrogen to blow holes in rock and other things. However it is too volatile and can explode incredibly easily. Alfred changed all this.

Alfred Nobel was born on October 1st 18 in Stockholm. He studied their until184 when his family moved to St. Petersburg in Russia. Since his father was an influential inventor and industrialist the family moved from country to country. Alfred gained the fluency in 5 different languages, Swedish, Russian, English, French, and German, but was always proud of his Swedish Background. In his teens his father sent him to learn chemistry in France.

He gained interest in explosive nitroglycerin. And studied until he founded the first ever nitroglycerin factory in the world, but found it was too volatile to work with, and too many miners were dying using it. He began experimenting on how to control the substance. He wanted something that could absorb the nitroglycerin and not still have the same power. He Found that a substance called Kieselguhr. This substance consisted of (diatomeus earth) marine organisms diatoms. This way the explosive could be transported easily and detonated from a safe distance. It saved laves and time. He would name it Dynamite and got a patent for it in 1867.

Online essay help on Alfred Noble Throughout his life he had poor health but was not worried about it because he expected many advances in medicine. He once experimented with his theories on blood transfusions. These attempts failed and was back on with his chemistry. From an early age Alfred had written and read quite a bit and he had very good writing skills. He wrote many poems and even a play or two only to destroy almost all of them.

By his death in 186 he had established companies in some ninety locations in twenty countries and earned over SEK 1.5 million. His will was made by himself with no legal help because he learned in the past not to like or trust lawyers. Almost all of his money was to be divided into five equal parts and distributed in the form or prizes to those who during the preceding year have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. Physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. His family had many rejections to this but it still went through.

It is sure that Alfred Nobel contributed a great deal to chemistry and the world and has a large diversity of achievements. He lived an unhealthy life only to live a healthy afterlife. Many people will benefit from the Nobel prizes including such people as Mother Theresa and Ernest Rutherford. It is a good deed and will keep the human race alive just a little longer if people are this smart.

Please note that this sample paper on Alfred Noble is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alfred Noble, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Alfred Noble will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

The Digestive System

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Digestive System. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Digestive System paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Digestive System, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Digestive System paper at affordable prices! The Digestive System

Does anyone ever wonder what happens to food once it leaves the fork and enters the mouth? Most likely no one does but it is all very important to the body that everything works in the digestive system. From basic functions, the path and diseases of the digestive system are vital to daily life. Lets take a journey through the digestive system!

To start the digestive path, food will enter the mouth or oral cavity. Here the teeth will begin to chew the food into smaller pieces. The food is thenoken down from a solid form to a soft mushy form called bolus. The bolus then travels through the pharynx. The pharynx, or better known as the throat, is the passage for the bolus and air to travel. After leaving the pharynx the bolus then travels through the esophagus to the stomach. The stomachs main purpose is to prepare the food for the small intestine. The stomach willeak down the bolus by churning of the exterior wall and the stomach acids. The bolus, which is now called chyme will only leave the stomach when it is chemically ready. The process of digesting the food in the stomach will take one four hours depending on the food consumed. The sphincter muscle controls when the food will pass on to the small intestine. The small intestine gets its name from the smaller diameter than the large intestine. In fact, the small intestine is longer than the large intestine. The small intestine is actually six meters long. The villi, or tiny projections, will absorb nutrients into the circulatory and lymphatic system. The villi also increase the surface area by more than 600 times, thus making sure all of the nutrients are dispersed. After the chyme filters through the small intestine, it goes to the large intestine. The large intestine has four distinct parts the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the pelvic colon, which serves as a pathway to the rectum. The rectum is where all of the solid waste is received. The large intestine absorbs all of the water through its walls to make feces. After the absorption of the water, the digestive process can begin again. The feces will leave the body through the anus.

The process of digestion seems very simple and easy, but there are some individuals that have complications with digesting food. There are several diseases that affect the digestive system. Some common problems are ulcers, hemorrhoids, nausea, anorexia, constipation, and diarrhea. There are three other organs that play a role in the digestion process. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas all help in absorbing nutrients and proper digestion. The liver produces bile, a yellowish-own substance that combines with bilirubin that gives feces itown color. The gallbladder stores the bile for later use. The bile from the gallbladder and the pancreatic juices from the pancreas will go to the duodenum toeak down the chyme. The pancreas produces insulin that will help get sugar into the cells for energy.

All of these organs together make digesting our food possible. The digestive process keeps up going daily. If it were to fail the body would lose all of its energy to move about. It is very important to eat healthy and exercise to keep this bodily function normal and well.

Please note that this sample paper on The Digestive System is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Digestive System, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Digestive System will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

renaissance music

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on renaissance music. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality renaissance music paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in renaissance music, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your renaissance music paper at affordable prices! The Structure and Style of Renaissance Music

In the Renaissance period, composers began experimenting with harmony in their work. Imitative polyphony, monophonic solo and polychoral music was the main style in the Renaissance. Imitative polyphony is when all the voices in a piece of music move at the same speed and share the development of the piece in a way that later became known as Fugue.

Polychoral music is similar to polyphony but is written for choirs, usually to be sung in church. Monophony is simply a solo piece with one line of music and, naturally, one voice.

Medieval and Renaissance styles differ in the way the music is written as well, in the order its written. Medieval composers built the music up layer upon layer, whereas Renaissance composers often preferred to write all the parts simultaneously, and blend them together rather than contrast them.Professional writers help on renaissance music essays There is a lot of emphasis on texture in polyphony music. Specific instruments were chosen because they had a certain texture in their sound and the composer would use that texture to compliment other textures within the piece.

Renaissance Instruments

The Renaissance saw many new instruments as well as old ones remaining popular. Different composers preferred to write for different instruments predominantly, but the basic availability remained pretty much the same. These are the main instruments that were used in Renaissance music

The Lute

The lute is the ancestor of the modern day guitar. It held the highest respect of all instruments during the Renaissance, both as an accompaniment and as a solo instrument. It could be played with a plectrum but the best lutenists used only their fingers, giving a very distinctive, very expressive sound.

Although the greatest repertoire for the lute is from England, the finest lutes came from Italy. The delicacy of the sound is reflected in the light construction of the instrument. The pear shaped body was usually made of pine, often less than an eighth on an inch thick. In the centre of the body at the front was a sound hole or rose, often ornately carved. The neck of the lute was made from yew or cedar and the eleven (or sometimes more) strings were of light gauge because the neck could not withstand any thicker at high tension.

The lute was a loud instrument, played mostly in the courts of the wealthy and also royalty. It went out of tune easily, and was eventually replaced during the Baroque period by various keyboard instruments which could more easily accommodate the new virtuoso solo and continuo style of that era.

The Viol

Viols were bowed instruments with frets. They were played downwards towards the lap or between the legs like a modern cello. The nasal qualities of its sound made it slightly too restrained for dances, where it was sometimes used but not often. It was, however, ideal for Renaissance polyphony, where the clarity of texture in the music is so important.

Before the mid-16th century, viols had been played mostly by court musicians but towards the beginning of the 17th century they were being played by many amateurs as well. By this time, like madrigal singing, viol playing had become very much a part of music making in the Elizabethan home. Viols were still very popular in England long after they had been replaced by the violin on the continent.

The body of the viol was, like the lute, lightly constructed and the six strings were under quite low tension. There were numerous sizes, including the treble, alto, small tenor, tenor and the bass. The viols bow had a distinct convex bend, as opposed to the violins concave bend, and it was held in an underhand grip, with the players palm facing upwards.

The Shawm

Unlike the Medieval shawm, the Renaissance shawm uses aoad cane reed. In smaller shawms the reed was inside a pirouette (a funnel shaped protector). Shawms had several finger holes and vent holes near the bell. The lowest notes had key mechanisms but the rest were fingered like a recorder or pipe. Shawms were played mostly in courtyards.

The Pipe and Tabor

The idea of the pipe and tabor was that one player could accompany himself, making it ideal for dances or background music for courtyard entertainers. The pipe is a simple instrument with usually only three finger holes (for the index finger, middle finger and thumb). It was narrow to facilitate overblowing, and had a ridge around the bottom to help the player support it in just one hand.

The tabor was a basic double-headed drum, slung over the players shoulder with a leather strap. It was usually played with a drumstick, although sometimes played with a bare hand.

The Psaltery

The psaltery was a very old instrument from medieval times. Early versions were simply a wooden board with gut strings stretched between pegs, and later versions had sound holes, a hollow box and metal strings.

The player performed with the instrument usually in front of him on his lap or on a table, or in front of the chest on a strap around his neck. It was played either with the fingernails or, more often, with a pair of quills of plectra, one in each hand.

The psaltery had no specific repertory, and was very widely used until the early 16th century but towards the end of the Renaissance was being used less and less. The psaltery eventually evolved into the harpsichord.

The Crumhorn

The crumhorn was a double-reeded instrument developed in the early 15th century. It was a wooden instrument, curved at the end. It had a cap with a slot enclosing the reed. The sound the instrument gave was a reedy, distinctly nasal tone, but soft.

Crumhorns, like many instruments, came in various different sizes. Alto, tenor, bass and great bass were the main ones. A four-part consort consisted of an alto crumhorn, two tenors and a bass.

Despite its strange shape and the amusing reaction of listeners when the instrument is played poorly, the crumhorn played a serious role in all kinds of Renaissance music ranging from dances and madrigals to church music.

As early as 1500 crumhorns were used to accompany two masses performed for the wedding of Duke Johan and Sophia of Mecklenburg. King Henry VIII of England owned twenty-five crumhorns, so its likely that they would have been played at his court.

Hurdy-gurdy

The hurdy-gurdy was the first stringed instrument to which the keyboard principle was applied. The French name viella a roue means wheel fiddle, which was how the sound was produced.

The bowing of a fiddle was replaced by a circular wheel bow coated in resin. When the crank is spun, the wheel turns and the gut strings viate.

The hurdy-gurdy was ideal for dance and some versions were played by two performers; one to crank, and one to push the keys. Shorter, later instruments only required a single player. Some were oblong in shape but others had a large body with a shape similar to that of a viol.

Recorders

The principle of the recorder seems as old as mankind, having dated back to as early as the 11th century. The instruments essential features were the lip (cut near to the top of the body), the fipple (a block of wood inserted in the end to be blown), and the windway (a narrow channel along the fipple which air is blown against the edge of the lip to produce sound).

It is difficult to document the recorders early history due to the inability to identify what is and what is not a recorder in medieval art. Renaissance recorders dont differ very much from medieval ones although they do have a smaller range than Baroque recorders.

The sound is soft, full and rich in texture, making recorders suitable for monophonic solo pieces and very good for Renaissance polyphony as well. They were made from maple usually and, like viols and crumhorns, came in various different sizes. Soprano, alto, tenor, bas and great bass were the most common although the great bass was used significantly less than the others were.

The Sackbut

Many names have been given to the renaissance trombone including saqueboute, shakbusshes, seykebuds, sakbuds, shakebuttes, shagbutts and even shagbolts but the most frequently used is sackbut. The word sackbut literally means push-pull which is exactly how the instrument was played.

It is uncertain when the sackbut first appeared, but by the early 16th century it is illustrated and mentioned regularly in detail. It was used both outdoors and in church and was usually accompanied by a shawm or a cornett.

Four sizes were used mainly; alto, tenor, bass and great bass. The sackbut differs from todays trombone by the much less flared bell, they were of smaller bore, had no slide lock, water key or tuning slide. It wasnt accepted completely as an orchestral instrument until the early Baroque period.

Renaissance Composers

There were many composers in the Renaissance era, significantly more than in the medieval period and increasing towards the end of the era. Such composers include Jacques Arcadelt (1505-1568); Claude Le Jeune (150-1600); William Byrd (154-16); Giovanni Gaieli (1554-161); Thomas Morley (1557-160); Guillame Dufay (1400-1474); Antione Busnoys (140-14) and Josquin Des Prez (1440-151). Most Renaissance composers came from Italy or The Netherlands, but a large number also came from England.

John Bull

John Bull (151-168) was a famous English composer and keyboard player, one of the leading virginals and organ players of his time. It is thought that he was born in Radnorshire in Wales in 156. He became a chorister at Hereford Cathedral in 157 but was soon taken into the Chapel Royal Choir. Between 158 and 158 he had duties as an organist and master of choristers at Hereford as well as in London, where he was the Queens Organist.

Both Camidge and Oxford universities awarded him doctorates in music. After being given the post of Public Reader in Music at Gresham College (London), Bull was involved in several scandals and failures in business, including organ building.

In 161, Bull, along with William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons, published Parthenia, the first printed book of music for the virginals. He was eventually driven out of England with charges of adultery and he found employment as an instrument builder in the Netherlands.

Bull died in 168. He was buried at Antwerp Cathedral, where he had previously been organist.

Most of his surviving compositions are dance pieces for the keyboard but he also wrote a set of 10 canons for keyboard, which are regarded as some of the finest examples of canonic writing of the era.

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