holocaust

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People of Holocaust

" A sure way to lift oneself up is by helping to lift someone else up" by Booker T. Washington. This quote means in order to keep your own faith and hope up you have to help another person keep their faith and hope up through bad times. This quote is true because by knowing that you are helping someone some how, you feel better about your self. There are many people during holocaust who showed this quote to be true, they endangered themselves in order to help some one and show them some hope through bad times.

Yitzhak Katzenelson (1886-144)Professional writers help on holocaust essays This Heew/Yiddish poet and playwright contributed to underground press and to the cultural life of the German nation and indicted apathetic western Christian civilization.

In April 144 Yitzhak Katzenelson and his son Zivi were sent from the vittel transit camp to Auschwitz Birkenau, where they were killed. Left behind were his vittel diary and the 15- canto elegy. The Song of the Murdered Jewish People.

After few days of the outeak of the war Yitzhak went in to hiding, and a commander of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising asked him to teach Jewish kids. This event inspired him to teach and write again andought him out of his depression. "Five-person squads would gather in shadowy hiding places and he would teach them Bible, Jewish history, literature, poetry, fables and songs. At the same time he imparted to his students a clear view of the present, courage and dedication."( Biography of Yitzhak Katzenelson). Also Yitzhak Katzenelson helped and encouraged Jewish Fighting Organization (JFO), which was an organization formed to fight the Nazis. He did not join it because he was to old, but his son Zivi was part of it. As the fighting began Yitzhak deported from the fighters and left them with his last words of encouragement and hopefulness.

"As we prepare ourselves with weapons in our hands, we will be happy to meet the enemy and die. Our war, with weapons in our hands, will be a source of nourishment for future generations. Let us take ourethren in the Land of Israel as our example. They were not weak-hearted in times of danger, and the few faced the many, and through their death educated generations of Jews. The Germans are killing millions of Jews, but they will not defeat us. The Jewish people will live on."( Yitzhak Katzenelson)

Yitzhak Katzenelson is a perfect example of proving the quote to be true. While being in depression because of the oppression of the Jews, he was asked to educate Jewish communities in the Ghetto. Seeing what a difference he made in the children by showing them spiritual resistance and how he gave them hope, changed his self- perception. He was not depressed any more, he felt very powerful and became very helpful. So just like the quote states to have hope, you have to help other people obtain hope. Yitzhak Katzenelson gave JFO encouragement and faith to fight and kill the Nazis,, which gave him hope and reason to live. He also encouraged the Jewish community in the ghetto to not give up their faith by teaching them the bible and Jewish literature, which encouraged him to be spiritually resistant.

Adam Czerniakow (1880- 14)

This engineer was the first head of the Nazis appointed Jewish council in the Warsaw ghetto. Czerniakow helped obtain food, encouraged secret classes and did much to relieve the general suffering of his fellow Jews. On July ,14 Czerniakow committed suicide, rather than comply with Nazi orders to sign the second mass deportation. Order the transport to Treblinka continued unhalted until October. Taking a toll of 10,000 innocent lives.

Czerniakow felt the concept of Universe of Obligation, he thought by being a chairman of the Warsaw Ghetto he can help his own kind of people. "Czerniakow endeavored to prevent the direct intervention of the German authorities, and sought to organize the internal affairs of the Jews with a minimum of outside involvement. This approach made possible clandestine economic activity, the illegal smuggling of food, and so on. In his activity he devoted special attention to, and reached some positive results in building of an educational system to care for children in the ghetto"(Encyclopedia of the Holocaust). Knowing the conditions of the Ghetto motivated him to help the Jews. People in the ghetto were unsure about him, but the people who worked with him praised him and his qualities.

Adam relates to this quote because he gave some hope to the people in the Ghetto by distributing food and trieng to help the Jews as much as possible, that gave him a reason to be proud of himself and not feel like a conspirator. When he realized he cant help the Jews any more, he had no reason to live. There was no way he was going to turn over thousands of people to the Nazis. So he saw there was no more hope for those people and nothing will help them stay alive at that point of time, he lost all his faith in himself. The concept Universe of Obligation made him decide if his own people going to die, he is going to die with them by committing suicide.

Michael Ber Weissmandel (10- 150)

A leader of the Jewish underground in Slovakia . This orthodox rabbi helped end transports to Poland in 14. He engaged in many efforts to rescue Jews in Slovakia, but failed in his attempts to halt all deportations from Western Europe and the Balkans. Rabbi Weissmandel also passed on eyewitness testimony in 144 from four Jews who had fled Auschwitz and he unsuccessfully demanded that the allies bomb Birkenau and the railway lines leading to it from Hungary. Rabbi Weissmandel jumped from a train bound for Auschwitz and reached safety in Switzerland near the war end.

Rabbi risked his life over and over to help Jewish people. He was a hero by trieng to stop deportations of Jews and tried to destroy the road to death. He is related to the quote because he stood up to the Nazis as much as he could, he held his pride up to give hope to other people. He showed that they should not give up on faith, because there are people who are willing to fight for freedom of religion and just freedom to be human. He helped a lot of people from being transported to Poland , which shows him risking his life to help people that he does not know personally but feels the obligation because they were all part of human kind. He kept on trieng to help Jews in different ways, but even though some of the things were unsuccessful he did not give up. He saw that by helping people he is making a difference in peoples lives by giving them hope and thats what kept him encouraged to keep on going and not just be a bystander.

Janusz Korczak (1878- 14)

Henryk Goldszmit known by the Pseudonym Janusz was a progressive educator, physician and social worker who directed a Jewish orphanage in Warsaw along with educator Stefania Wilczynska.

Janusz Korczak wrote numerous pioneering books in pedagogy and children literature. Many of which were later translated into several languages. Janusz Korczak rescued many youngsters after the Nazi invasion of Poland and when the orphanages entire population was deported to Treblinka in August 14 insisted on accompanying his charges.

Viewing the orderly -mile procession of 00 well dressed children led by Korczak to the train , a witness told historian Emmanuel Ringelblum this was not a march to the railway cars ; this was an orphanage wordless protest against the murders!

Janusz was a hero. He loved children and he took them in his orphanage when their parents could not provide for them or were dead. When he was told that if he turns over all the children in his orphanage to the Nazis , his life will be spared. Instead of giving the kids away , he decided to die with them. The children symbolized his happiness and hope for the better. If he couldnt save their lives, he would not be able to live with himself. So while being on the train that is leading to the concentration camps, he lied to the children to give them some hope. He told them they are going to a better place and knowing that the children were not emotionally in pain for some period of time, gave himaveness to die with pride. He showed he is not part of this cruel inhumanity and wont join it, even to save his life.

I believe

I believe in Sun even when

it is not shinning

I believe in love when

feeling it not

I believe in god even

when he is silent

Inscriptions on the walls of a cellar in cologne Germany where Jews hid from Nazis

This poem relates to the quote because it talks about a person who has hope and spiritual resistance, even though nothing good is happening. This poem will give hope and power to believe in god again. I think knowing that if someone reads this, it will inspire them to hold on to whatever they have left emotionally. Not give up on life and humankind. It makes a person feel better and happier knowing that their is someone who cares and loves them, even though they been dehumanized to a point of having no emotions left.

During Holocaust there were perpetrators, conspirators, heroes and bystanders. There were people who just stood by and watched innocent people being slaughtered and dehumanized. Some people didnt care and some were only afraid for their lives and wanted to save themselves. Karczak, Czerniakow, Katzenelson and Rabbi Weissmandel were some of the heroes from Holocaust. They knew the only way to be happy with themselves is to make someone else happy. To have spiritual resistance and physical resistance they have to show other people how to fight physically and emotionally against Nazis. Since the beginning of the war all of them tried to help in the best way they could, and kept on helping till the last minutes. If there would be more heroes during that time , this event would not go as far as it did. If people were willing to help other people or even other countries helping people in need, everyone would be at peace. Feeling good about your self and having faith in other people can only come from knowing that you helped someone and made a difference in their life andought faith to them by letting them know there are good people in the world

Please note that this sample paper on holocaust is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on holocaust, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on holocaust will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Explain what globalization is and how it affects the state

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Explain what globalization is and how it affects the state. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Explain what globalization is and how it affects the state paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Explain what globalization is and how it affects the state, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Explain what globalization is and how it affects the state paper at affordable prices! According to the text globalization is the integration of states through increasing contact, communication and trade to create a holistic, single global system in which the process of change increasingly binds people together in a common fate.

Propelled forward by increasingly new technological advances, globalization has made the world extremely small allowing people to communicate across time zones. Globalization has alsoought about diminished national borders and the fusing of individual national markets, all of which have aided international growth and development.

The effects of globalization have had the most effect in four areas finance, production, labor and trade. Globalization of finance is defined by the text as the increasing transnationalization of financial markets. Central to this idea of global finance is the concept of a consolidated financial system that is not centered on or in any one state. This stateless financial system has made governmental regulations and restrictions limited, if not near impossible. Increasing technological advances in this area include electronic cash, which makes monetary transaction semi instantaneous.

Globalization in production has lead to a growth in the multinational corporations and partnerships. American companies like for Ford Motor Company have begun to decentralize management, choosing instead to disperse control throughout their world offices. This move allows for less duplication in product and production, creating in essence world products. Also by creating offices and factories overseas these MNC have been able to build strategic alliances, which allow them to reduce production cost and compete competitively with other companies. One downside to global production is a globalization in the labor market. With many companies moving their manufacturing plants overseas where labor wages are lower, globalization in the labor market has lead to insecurity in the workplace. Globalization has exposed a deep fault line between groups who have the skills and mobility to flourish in global markets and those who either do not have these advantages or perceive the expansion of unregulated markets as inimical to social stability. (Rodrik, 17) In a global labor market there are clear winners and losers, for example in the United States unemployment rates are very low but worker wages have also fallen over the past decade.Professional writers help on Explain what globalization is and how it affects the state essays The last category of globalization is trade. Increased speed in communication and speed linking world market places is the primary driving force behind trade globalization. With the reduction of tariff rates, trade barriers and regulations, global trade has changed the way the world consume products and services.

So, does globalization aid or hinder states; the answer to this relies in which side of the argument you believe. Pro globalization supporters believe that globalization promotes the free exchange of information, leads to a greater understanding of other cultures and allow democracy to overcome autocracy. They point to the many social advances made possible by the creation of a global village. For example, if a disaster occurs in one part of the world because of the globalization in media outlets those images can be beamed around the world in a matter of minutes; subsequently other countries are able to send help within a matter of hours and/or days.

Anti-globalization supporters argue that the gains made through globalization have come at the expense of underdeveloped countries. They also argue that the national cultures and identities of underdeveloped countries are in danger because of what has been termed Americanation. Americanation is the spread of American ideas, values and culture throughout other countries. The spread of satellite television, movies, clothing, international media and increased levels of international travel are all symptoms of Americas desire to spread its germ.

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gdfgsdg

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on gdfgsdg. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality gdfgsdg paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in gdfgsdg, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your gdfgsdg paper at affordable prices! To be or to be, that is the question. For it better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. Romeo, Romeo, oh where for art thou Romeo. Deny thy mother and decieve thy father and come away with me now. Twille, Twille, little star. How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high, like a diamond in the sky. Twikle, Twikle little star. How I wonder what you are. Now I lay me down to sleep. I pray the Lord my soul to keep. If I should die before I wakle, I pray the Lord my soul to take. Our father who art in heaven. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done. On earth as it is in heaven. For thine art the kingdom and the power, and the glory for ever and ever amen. Chilly willy, this aint no silly gilly. If you dont believe ask my sister little bitty. She lives in philly on top of a hilly and every night she eats a big bowl of chilly. Its true that your raps around town but you dont know your butt from a hole in the ground. A female dog is what you are. UFTO did not make you a star. Im a little tea pot, short and stout. Here is my handle, here is my spout. When I get all stemmed up than I shout. Tip me over and pour me out. To the left, to the left. To right, to the right. To front, to the front. TO the back, to the back. Come on now, dip baby dip. Toostie roll, come on let me see you roll. Take it down real low, all the way the flo.

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tragedy and comedy

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on tragedy and comedy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality tragedy and comedy paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in tragedy and comedy, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your tragedy and comedy paper at affordable prices! tragedy is a literary work in which the portagonist meets a disastrous end; depicts actions of central character who is heroic; main heroought to final downfall by error in judgement, flaw in charadter or fate. in general in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. through a series of events, this main character or tragic hero, isought to a final downfall. the causes of a tragic heros downfall vary. in traditional dramas, the cause can be fate, a flaw in character, or an error in judgement. in modern dramas where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of scoeity. the tragic hero, through defeated usually gains a measure of wisdom or self awareness.

comedy is a literary work that ends happily with a healthy connection between the protagonist and society; protagonist of a comedyh is mediocre; it involves wit and humor. comedy is discerned from tragedy, which is generally concerned with a protagonist who meets an unhappy or disastrous end. also, the comic protagonist mayh be a person of ordinary character and ability and need not achieve the heroic stature of the protagonist in a tragedy. comedies are often concerned at least in part with exposing human folly and frequently depict the overthrow of rigid social fashions and customs. with, humor, and a sense of festivity are found in many comedies.

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Global Community

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Global Community. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Global Community paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Global Community, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Global Community paper at affordable prices! As the meaning and effects of globalization become more and more widespread, people across the world have formed grassroots organizations. These organizations protest the negative effects encouraged by globalization and try to form worldwide acknowledgement of a particular problem. This paper discusses some disadvantages of globalization and which have prompted people to protest. It will then examine at a closer level two protested issues, labor injustice and wealth inequality. Finally, conclusions on the prospect of globalization in the future will be reached.

Globalization includes the global exchange of capital, labor, information, politics, technology, and culture, all which have formed an integrated "global" world. But growing disparity, corporate power, and environmental destruction has overshadowed the hope for a global civil society, a global community. Ordinary people have become increasingly aware of these problems (due in part to globalization itself and the spread of instantaneous information) and protest movements have sprouted. Although many are unorganized and address a single issue, grassroots organizations protests have had a surprisingly influence on the institutions they protest, including the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The World Trade Organizations meeting in Seattle of November 1, for example, "saw the birth, and to date, the high point of this new mode of activism," where protesters aimed to "shut down, or at least badly disrupt, the meetings of the global elite" (Angry and Effective, ). Protestors have greater aims than simply disrupting the work of international organizations; they wish toing attention to a variety of issues. The major issues of globalization that have prompted people to protest are environmental destruction, human rights standards, labor injustices, and the growth of multinational corporations. Specific problems within these issues include industrialized countries exploit the resources of developing countries, corporations exploit underprivileged people in labor, the outsourcing of jobs, and corporations transforming culture and consumerism. Other issues that prompt protests are animal rights, the distribution of wealth (inequality), and the loss of culture and tradition. While each of these issues, no matter how few or many protest them, hold importance, some are more convincing reasons for protest than others.

The vast disparity in wealth between the upper class and the impoverished, and developed countries and developing is staggering. As globalization has continued, multinational corporations, foreign investors, and citizens of more powerful nations have entered a time of great prosperity and a high standard of living, much at the expense of the third world. Much of globalization has become an "affair of the industrial North…destroying local cultures, widening world inequalities and worsening the lot of the impoverished, the majority condemned to a life of misery and despair" (Giddens, ). Although this is a rather pessimistic view of globalization, statistics prove the daunting truth of disparity "The UN Development Program reports that the richest 0% of the worlds population consume 86% of the worlds resources while the poorest 80% consume just 14%." (Top Ten Reasons, ). One of the main reasons for the growing disparity is that more powerful countries already have more wealth and thus an upper hand in "free" trade and many other aspects of globalization- "Globalization might actually be good for poor countries, if only rich countries played by the rules" (Beatty, 1). Free trade has in many ways become harmful to developing countries that are prohibited from following the same policies that developed countries once pursued, such as protecting domestic industries until they can be internationally competitive. From 160 to 18, the most recent period of rapid growth in global trade and investment, inequality worsened internationally and within countries, as foreign investors moved production to where labor is cheapest and environmental costs are low. Clearly, inequality is an immense problem, perhaps worsened by globalization, that begs for a solution.

Unfortunately, protests against wealth inequality itself arent very convincing. Inequality is not a specific enough topic- there is no one solution that can drastically solve the disparities we see because this problem is caused by so many different issues, only one of which is the irony of "free" trade. Moreover, inequality is inevitable in any society, and can never be fully removed. Even if a global civil society could occur and the gap between the rich and the poor was lessened, "haves" and the "have-nots" would still exist. Inequality is inherent, much a result of the inevitable power struggle in any society. Thus, wealth inequality can never be wholly removed. Although it is a staggering problem that desperately needs solution, protests against inequality itself are futile- only support for gradual steps that will lead to a more equal society can prove convincing.

College papers on Global Community

One of these issues is labor injustice. By improving labor standards, labor organization, and labor practices, a block is added in the formation of the steps toward a more equal world. Labor injustice culminates in third world countries but exists in the United States and other world powers as well. In a Race to the Bottom, investors and corporations become "flying geese," (Section 0 Nov. 00) continually moving from country to country in search of the cheapest labor and most lenient government policies on environment and labor. Thousands of jobs in America alone have been lost to foreign competition and new technology, and the restructuring of businesses have forced blue-collar, relatively low-wage factory and manufacturing jobs to find new, more specialized work (Video, Philadelphia Story). The problem is much more serious in developing countries. Labor injustice in these countries is a backlash against globalization, workers have not benefited from globalization, instead, they have lost. Women of the maquiladoras in Mexico, workers in the sweatshops in Indonesia, and the farmers of Africa have all experienced labor injustice, including incredibly low wages, poor working conditions, harassment at work, long hours, and the threat of losing a job if a labor union or protest is formed. Labor injustice has become so ironically sickening that in some cases, like in the sweatshops in Indonesia, workers dont want Americans to protest or boycott their employers, for fear of losing their jobs (Video, The Seattle Syndrome). Even companies that claim to help third world workers have been accused of exploitation. For instance, The Body Shop, a company formed on "green consumerism," claiming to protect the environment, has been accused of using the Kayapo Indians ofazil as a marketing strategy. The Body Shops use ofazilian organic products has only created resentment and internal divisions within the Kayapo community (London Greenpeace, ).

The impact of free trade and globalization on labor rights has been overlooked. Countries that consistently violate international labor conventions disadvantage countries that enforce labor rights. Although labor and human rights abuses are explicit, developing countries argue that labor standards constitute a barrier to free trade for countries whose competitive advantage is cheap labor. The WTO has even ruled that it is illegal for a government to ban a product based on the way it is produced and that governments cannot take into account non-commercial values, such as human rights and the behavior of companies, when making purchase decisions (Top Ten Reasons, 1). Labor injustice is an indisputable problem that exists in many different forms in many different regions across the world. It is a convincing issue to protest because it has realistic and tangible solutions unlike the vagueoadness of inequality. By addressing labor problems, a step is made in a positive direction to solving other larger issues.

It seems that with the growing number of protests and the increasing awareness of global issues that the road to a more prosperous and peaceful world is coming into view. In reality, it will be a long and gradual process, and a goal of a complete global civil society, or of an equal world without conflict is probably unattainable. We can hope for a series of progressive reforms towards positive globalization, perhaps beginning with smaller steps like eliminating labor injustice. Each step, however, will be difficult. Labor, for instance, raises a number of questions If we accept that conditions of workers are not as they should be, what can we do? Should we create a global labor standard, leveling the playing field for businesses in all countries? What are the rights of labor in a globalized economy when labor cannot move as easily as capital? (Section 0 Nov. 00).

The ideology that can spur a movement towards a peaceful, prosperous globalization is the cosmopolitan vision. Cosmopolitans believe that "political boundaries have no particular significance," that "moral claims," or the rights of all human beings, are universally shared (VanKlinken, ). Most importantly, the cosmopolitan view has led to a "universal political ethic" (VanKlinken, ), through which each person can accept his/her own and others multiple identities based on ethnicity, region, race, and nation, but is part of a global citizenship as well.

None of us can predict the future, and none of us can single-handedly solve the negative effects of globalization and our evolving society. By adopting a cosmopolitan viewpoint and gradually reforming step by step, lofty goals of equality can be reached. Hopefully, each of us will eventually identify ourselves as a global citizen of a peaceful and prosperous planet.

Please note that this sample paper on Global Community is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Global Community, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Global Community will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Amphibians

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Amphibians. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Amphibians paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Amphibians, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Amphibians paper at affordable prices! Index

1. What is an amphibian?

1.1 What is an ectotherm?

1. Diversity1..1 Anura

1.. Caudata

1.. Apoda

. What is an amphibian like?

.1 Structure

. Appearance

. How does an amphibian live?

.1 Feeding Process

. Reproduction

. Adaptations

..1 Respiration

..1.1 Obligate Aerobes

..1. Obligate Anaerobes

.. Endospores

4. Importance

4.1 Ecological

4. Economical

Amphibians

What is an amphibian?

The word amphibian comes from the Greek word amphibios which means two lives amphibians have a larval stage and an adult stage that are usually very different from each other. They are verteates, have thin, moist skin and four legs. They have no claws under toes. Nearly all of them rely on water for reproduction.

What is an ecotherm?

Amphibians are most common in regions that have warm temperatures all year because they are ecotherms. An ecotherm is an animal in which the body temperature changes with the temperature of its surroundings.

During such times, many amphibians burrow into the mud and stay there until suitable conditions return.

Amphibians diversity

They are classified and divided in groups

• Anura frogs and toads belong to this group, they are amphibians without tail. All adult frogs and toads eat insects. Some frogs and toads produce toxins, they can kill predators; they also have vocal cords that are capable of producing a wide range of sounds. They spent part of their life cycle in water and part on land.

• Caudata salamanders belong to this order. A salamander has long, slender body with a neck and tail. They resemble lizards but have smooth, moist skin and lack claws. They range in size from a few centimeters up to a size of 1.5 meters. Some are aquatic, and others live in damp places on land.

• Apoda Caecilians are limbless amphibians. Caecilians are amphibians that have no limbs, with a short, or no, tail. Caecilians are primarily tropical animals with small eyes that are often blind. They eat earthworms and other inverteates found in the soil.

Metamorphosis

Most amphibians go through the process of metamorphosis. Fertilized eggs hatch into tadpoles, the aquatic stage of most amphibians. Tadpoles possess fins, grills, and a two-chambered heart. As tadpoles grow into adult frogs and toads, they develop legs, lungs, and a three-chambered heart.

Young salamanders resemble adults, but they have grills and usually have a tail fin. Most adult salamanders insteadeathe through their moist skin, or with lungs.

Appearance

• Physical Characteristics.

- Most amphibians begin their lives as a larva, an immature form that has a significantly different body plan than that of an adult of the species.

- Adult amphibians typically have body structures that enable them to move about on land as well as in the water.

- Zoologists believe that adult frogs and toads do not have tails because they would be a hindrance in jumping.

• Skin.

Always hairless and rarely scaled, amphibian skin provides the animals with protective coloring, a way to absorb water and oxygen from their environments, and a defense against arid conditions and hungry predators.

Amphibians use their permeable skin to obtain both oxygen and water from their environment.

Amphibian skin also contains glands that secrete a slimy mucous layer to protect the skin from drying out and help draw in oxygen through the skin.

Internal Anatomy

Amphibian internal anatomy is similar to that of other verteates. Adult amphibians typically have lungs, rather than gills, foreathing oxygen, but some water-dwelling species have both lungs and gills, and others obtain all the oxygen they need to survive through their permeable skin.

Amphibians are cold-blooded, or more correctly, ecotherms�that is, they are not able to generate their own body heat. Instead, their body temperature is determined by their surroundings.

Nervous System

An amphibian has aain and nervous system. It has two eyes, with a third extra protective eyelid for when it is on land.

-Central nervous system

Cereal hemispheres ofain are primarily olfactory centers

10 pairs of cranial nerves (vs. 1 in higher verteates)

-Autonomic nervous system

Simpler than higher verteates but same pattern

Nerves control other systems

Sense Organs

Amphibians rely on their senses to find food and evade predators. Amphibians lack external ears but have well-developed internal ears. Hearing is most acute in frogs, which typically have a middle ear cavity for transferring sound viations from the eardrum, or tympanum, to the inner ear. Frogs and toads also use their keen hearing in communicating with one another. Other sense organs include lateral line system, cutaneous receptor, as well as eyes and chemical receptors.

Hearing and Vocalizations

Amphibians lack external ears but have well-developed internal ears. Hearing is most acute in frogs, which typically have a middle ear cavity for transferring sound viations from the eardrum, or tympanum, to the inner ear. Frogs and toads also use their keen hearing in communicating with one another. Using a true voice box, or larynx, Frogs and toads also use their keen hearing in communicating with one another using a true voice box or larynx.

Frogs have an expandable vocal sac attached to the throat which is used to increase the volume of their calls, which they use in mating and territorial disputes.

Vision

Vision is also critical for some amphibians. Frogs have bulging eyes that protrude from either side of their head, enabling them to watch for danger and search for prey in nearly every direction. Caecilians, which live underground, are the only amphibians that are blind. Caecilians are equipped with eyes, but these are covered by skin and sometimes by bone.

Behavior

Much of an amphibians lifestyle is dictated by the necessity of keeping its skin moist and preventing its body temperature from becoming too hot or too cold. Some species bask in the sun in order to raise their body temperature. In hotter climates, many adult amphibians are active at night rather than in the day to avoid excessive heat and guard against water loss. During the daylight hours, these amphibians shelter in moist sites beneath rocks or logs, or in burrows or cracks in the earth.

Defense Mechanism

Their soft skin and lack of claws with which to defend themselves leave amphibians particularly vulnerable to their many predators, which include a host of small mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, turtles, and even larger amphibians. When facing a predator, many amphibians pretend to be dead. Other amphibians rely on toxins in their skin to give them a bad taste or make them poisonous to predators. To warn predators of their poisonous glands, these amphibians often areightly colored or able to change their color in the face of danger.

Circulatory System

The evolution of the three-chambered heart in amphibians ensured that cells received the proper amount of oxygen. This heart was an important evolutionary transition from the simple circulatory system of fishes. In the three-chambered heart, one chamber receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and skin, and another receives oxygen poor blood from the body tissues. Blood from both chambers then moves to the lungs and skin so it can pick up more oxygen.

This results in some mixing of some oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood in the amphibian heart and in blood vessels leading away from the heart. Thus, in amphibians, the skin is much more important than the lungs as an organ for gas exchange.

Digestive Track

The amphibian digestive system consists of a mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestine, which opens into a chamber at their posterior called the cloaca. Digestive wastes are processed by the kidneys, excreted into the cloaca, then expelled from the body through a muscular opening in the cloaca. This opening is also where eggs and sperm exit the body.

Skeleton

An amphibian has an inner skeleton with a backbone. It has webbed feet, but no claws. They have attached limbs at the shoulders and hips. With the frog and toad, the front legs are shorter and weaker and the rear legs much stronger for leaping.

How do they move?

During the first stages of its life amphibians they use their tail to swim and move trough its environment, later legs will grow and they will use them to jump on land and swim.

Frogs have the rear legs are much larger and stronger than the front legs for leaping.

Biology, Dynamics of Life Pages 88-8

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