The Continuation of Parmenides Theories

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Continuation of Parmenides Theories. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Continuation of Parmenides Theories paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Continuation of Parmenides Theories, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Continuation of Parmenides Theories paper at affordable prices! As I read all the varying accounts of what is, what is not, and what will never be, according to Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the Atomists, I am reminded of a fable my mother told me years ago. In this story there are three blind men. In order to understand what an elephant is, they each approach an elephant. The first blind man is feeling all over the leg of the elephant and says to the others, It is like a strong tree. But the second who is holding the trunk, explains, It is like an ever-changing vine. Still the third blind man runs his hands across the large body of the elephant and exclaims, No! It is endless, like a wide mountain.

Each of these men used the same thought process, in which they logically analyzed what was presented to them as fact, and each concluded in their own result. This is much like what occurred in the findings of the Empedocles, Anaxagoras and the Atomists, following Parmenides conclusion that, essentially, nothing ever changes. And therefore, nothing is born into or exits existence. This halting idea paved a very rough road for the other philosophers to wander, yet each used the same basic process Parmenides used, but each resulted in differing conclusions.

Empedocles approached where Parmenides left off byeaking down the concept of all things, into what he thought they were made of. Empedocles came to the belief that everything in one way or another was made up of one of the four elements, earth, wind, fire and air. These four elements wereought together in continually interchanging ways by Love, and then wereoken apart by Strife. Empedocles continues to then explain how everything continues to alternate change, and onceought together by Love and grown apart from Strife, six elements are thus created. Through this process, their life is not lasting, but in that they never cease interchanging continually, in this way they are always unchanging in a cycle.

Anaxagoras too approached the next step by defining what all things were made of. Unlike Empedocles and his four, or rather six elements. Anaxagoras was not so definitive as to what the little things are that make up all things.. Instead he moved the thinking from something as large and general as the four elements, to the concept that infinitely small things that make up everything, All things were together, unlimited in both amount and smallness. For the small too was unlimited. For Anaxagoras, he concluded that whatought together, seperated, and defined one thing form another was the Mind, Mind is unlimited and self-ruled and is mixed with no thing, but is alone and by itself.

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Finally we come to the Atomists. The Atomists took the objective of defining what everythingeaks down into to its fullest extent. Closer to the truth than they could have possibly ever known, the Atomists declared that the little things regarded to in the past were actually atoms, differing in three points. These points were, shape, arrangement, and position. For they say that what is differs only in rythym, touching, and turning. The atoms were labeled indivisible. This monumentaleakthrough in thought, that touches so closely with scientific truth, went even one step farther by recognizing the existence of a void, therefore explaining how the atoms interact and result in objects of differing definitions.

Just as the three blind men all found their own truths derived from a single truth presented to them. Empedocles, Anaxagoras and the Atomists all formed very logical and believable theories based upon their interpretation of Parmenides final conclusive ideas.

Please note that this sample paper on The Continuation of Parmenides Theories is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Continuation of Parmenides Theories, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Continuation of Parmenides Theories will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

SDI

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on SDI. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality SDI paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in SDI, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your SDI paper at affordable prices! 1. Introduction

With the World Wide Web growing so rapidly each day and even each minute, the Internet just becomes to big to handle. In fig 1.1 is an example of an Information Overload; that is when too much information is retrieved, and the user cannot handle it.

Techniques must be used to find the correct and relevant information. Information filtering or Selective Dissemination of Information is a "tool" that must be used when finding information on the Internet. It is important to know how to filter through information and precisely why a user must do so. There are many information filtering "agents" that can be used to assist the user in filtering through information. Some websites and companies use Push Technology to help the user to receive information easier.

Professional writers help on SDI essays Fig 1.1

1.1 Research Problem

· What is the need for Personalized Information Services on the Web?

Sub Problems

· What is an information overload?

· What is the digital divide?

· What is an information agent, and how does it work?

· What is SDI?

· What is push technology, and when is it used?

. Selective Dissemination of information

.1 What is Selective Dissemination of Information?

According to Dictionary.com selective dissemination of information is

" A current awareness system, which alerts you to the latest publications in your specified field(s) of interest.

A user registers at such a system with keywords representing his or her fields of interest, called a search profile. When new publications matching the search profile appear, the system informs the user of them instantly, periodically or upon request. Some systems may also be able to inform the user if changes in already notified publications occur."

Because of the huge size of the Internet these systems can be of great help to all users.

. How does SDI work?

Information dissemination systems do the searching on behalf of the user through the help of a WWW Robot. The robot is a program that automatically looks through hypertext structure and retrieves a referenced document.

A webowser is not a robot because they are mostly operated by a human and does not automatically retrieve reference document. Web robots are sometimes referred to as Web Wanderers, Web Crawlers, or Spiders. Point 5 (Push Technology) discusses this further.

. Digital Divide

Digital divide is a very big problem in the world, but especially in South Africa. It is Information rich VS information poor. Digital divide is not only caused by the lack of technology but the lack of computer and information literacy. To help the illiterate people push technology and web robots are used.

4. Web Robots

Because the size of the Web increased beyond expectations, it became clear that manualowsing through a big amount of hypertext structures would no longer be possible.

Web robots are implemented as a single software system that retrieves information form remote sites using standard Web protocols.

5. Freely Available Filtering Systems

SIFT

The Stanford Information Filtering Tool includes two selective dissemination services, one for computer science technical reports and one for USENET news articles. The source code is also available.

Firefly

A collaborative filtering service for music and movies.

InfoScan

A program, which filters email and USENET News and includes document visualization features.

InfoTicker

A web-watching robot with filtering functionality.

NewsSieve

A USENET News filtering system.

iAgent

A beta copy of an adaptive web filtering agent.

WiseWire

Empirical Medias filtering service that delivers webpages, newswire articles, and netnews.

BORGES

A USENET News filtering system using.

RAMA

A Unix based USENET news filtering.

owse

An X windows neural network based USENET news filtering system.

NewsClip

A unix programming language designed for filtering USENET News that is capable of binary filtering when used with any newsreader. When used with STRN, the Scoring Threaded version of the unix ReadNews (RN) program, ranking articles in order of likely relevance is also possible.

Sift-Mail

An system for filtering electronic mail.

SMART

A unix package designed for performance evaluation of vector space information retrieval techniques. The capability to filter USENET News is included in the standard distribution.

MAXIMS

MAXIMS is a collaborative electronic mail filtering system.

Procmail

A unix package designed to automatically filter electronic mail.

Maildrop

A unix based mail delivery agent with filtering ability. Maildrop is intended as a replacement for Procmail. Maildrop can optionally read instructions from a file on how to filter incoming mail, and, based upon the instructions, deliver mail to alternate mailboxes, or forward it to somewhere else, like procmail. Unlike procmail, maildrop uses a structured filtering language thats a bit easier on the eyes.

Mailfilt

A perl script to filter electronic mail.

Mailagent

A rule-based electronic mail filtering system.

WebWatcher

WebWatcher is a World Wide Web filtering system which learns the users preferences and highlights interesting links on web pages that you visit.

WebFilter

A system which filters the content of World Wide Web pages in real time.

FilterGus

A simple Java Program that filters up textual documents.

WebWasher

A Window based program that filters ad. images on the Web. The program is free for personal, non-commercial home use or educational institutions.

ScienceIndex

A demo version of citation index available on the web, which aims to be a digital liary for scientific literature in electronic form. Features include autonomous citation indexing, autonomous document location, citation context extraction, full-text indexing, awareness and tracking, related document retrieval, similar document identification, citation graph analysis, and query-sensitive document.

Select

A EU funded project that aims to develop a collaborative filtering system, which can help scientific, technical and other professional Internet users find information.

ChaffAway

An electronic liary where anyone can post and search documents. It supports collaborative filtering by collecting votes from users.

NoCeM

A collaborative filtering system for Usenet. Filtering instructions are sent out in the form of PGP signed notices according to each users personal criteria. Commonly used for spam filtering, but not limited.

Scoop

A Weblog system that helps users select news articles based on collaborative filtering.

6. How to use Intelligent agents

Intelligent agents are user-customized search robots helps the user locate exactly the information that he or she needs on the Web. Agent software and services are often part of the product line of companies that make search and indexing software.

Infoseek, one of the major Internet search engine companies, offers an industry-specific search service called IndustryWatch. Information in this sub-section of Infoseeks main index takes 500 sources including trade newsletters, newspapers, and periodicals with categories such as space, real estate, energy, health care, insurance, banking, and pharmaceuticals. Each headline links to the full text of the article within the IndustryWatch page.

Farcast is a paid subscription service that delivers customized news via email on a regularly scheduled basis of the users choosing.

Farcasts intelligent agents are called droids.oadcast droids deliver news, weather, and press releases; company droids deliver press releases and news items about a particular company.

Each news piece arrives as a separate email message with the subject line clearly defined. A message containing the full text is delivered within minutes.

Marimba

Marimba (www.marimba.com) is as famous for its implementation of Java, a programming language developed by Sun Microsystems, as it is for its own products. Marimbas Castanet offering, designed to be used in conjunction with a Webowser, automatically distributes and maintains software applications and content within a company or across the Internet (Guenther 00).

Marimba with both Netscape and Microsoft to use push technology to automatically update software applications without having to go through the lengthy download process.

BackWeb

BackWebs (www.backweb.com) technology enables institutional clients to create their own internal Webcast channels to direct customized content, referred to as InfoPaks, to specific users. BackWeb uses its Polite Agent technology to optimize the availability of a users Internet connection.

7. Push Technology

Repeatedly searching the Web for information on a particular topic can be both time-consuming and frustrating. But a set of technologies collectively referred to as push technology may help by delivering or pushing information directly to a users desktop.

7.1 How does push technology work?

The users PC must be configured to receive pushed information. Often it is required that the user downloads and installs the push vendors software from a Web site such as BackWebs Polite Agent or Marimba Inc.s Castanet. With a service from CNN called Newswatch a smallowser patch must be downloaded to receive up to the minute information.

Some vendors push their services without requiring anything from the user, but a Webowser and an Internet connection for example ABC News. Users fill out a profile specifying what types of information they want. The profile acts as a filter and is stored either on the clients machine (client-based filter) or on the push vendors server (server-based filter).

Based on the users profile, the vendors server searches across a variety of Web sites or its own channel-a collection of Web-based content that it has rights to distribute. The filter then retrieves relevant information and sends it to the users desktop.

7. Whats the best use for push technology?

Because of an Information Overload, many users find it very difficult to find the exact and correct information. An information profile is used to find information within channels and other sources.

The profiles work well for simple queries such as weather forecasts or stock quotes, but they can work poorly for more complex queries in which the user is trying to define and search aoader concept, such as employee retention. Using it for the latter tends to result in large quantities of information that must still be re-evaluated and digested by the user to determine its true relevance.

For example

When a user likes to receive the latest news, it would then be the best to use push technology provided by a site such as CNN.com, where the latest andeaking news will appear on to the desktop of the user as soon as an Internet connection has been established.

7. How can push contribute to the workplace?

The adoption of push technology has been most successful in environments where pushed information is not tied to rigid information profiles but instead used as a mechanism to deliver information en masse over the corporate intranet.

Companies are currently using push to issue information to employees, such as automatic updating of business manuals, parts inventories and policies.

Workers can fill in a form, specifying what they would like to receive or where their interests lie for example A person working at the accounting department of a large firm would prefer to receive the latest financial information from the various sources, a Selective dissemination of information worker or agent will then search for these sources and the information on behalf of the worker and pass it on as soon as possible.

When tied to databases and spreadsheets, the technology can automatically notify managers when trends in sales and services change. Such practical business applications may eventually be the real impetus for a wider acceptance of push technology in the marketplace.

7.4 Example of Push Technology

7.4.1 CNN

CNN launched Newswatch on June 5 00 (see Fig 1.), it is a personalised news service designed to provide Internet-based desktop access to news interest. The information is received through full-screen visuals, text and videoeaking news alerts and continuously scrolling ticker across the top of the screen. (See appendix for Press Release)

Fig 1.

Fig 1.4

7.5 Monitoring Competitive Intelligence using Internet Push TechnologyMuch has been written about the Internet as both a source of competitive intelligence and a medium for disseminating it. Emerging technologies now give information providers the ability to push their content to interested persons who subscribe to such a service or voluntarily use push client software.The same technology may be used within the organization to disseminate intelligence reports and push information to internal end users. 7.5.1 Internet Information Overload The key to using the Internet effectively for competitive intelligence is not just knowing where and how to look for information, but how to put utilities such as intelligent agents and push clients to work for the user.The Internet is a vast sea of publicly-available but uncontrolled information that changes daily. Before information filtering agents, the only way to find relevant information on the Web was to use Internet search engines like Infoseek, Google or Alta vista, subject directories such as Yahoo!, or online database services such as Lexis-Nexis and Dialog. These services are time consuming because they require the user to be active and searching and filtering through the information.Push clients such as PointCast (fig 1.5), and push services such as Farcast, lets the user specify exactly what sort of information they want, then delivers it to there desktop on a regularly-scheduled basis. Push clients can act as intelligent agents, sifting through the mass of content published daily on the Web, andinging the user only what theyre interested in. Fig 1.5Push services deliver timely news and industry information such as press releases, corporate updates, stock information, financial news, and international headlines. For the C.I. professional, push services do not replace in-depth background research, but rather are a way to keep up-to-date with news, industry events, executive comings and goings, and to monitor emerging trends.7.5. Using Push Technology to Disseminate InformationPush technology can be used by the C.I. analyst both as a way to collect selected information from the Internet, and to disseminate it to C.I. users within the organization.For companies that have an intranet, or internal network based on Internet technology, there are software applications, some that work in conjunction with search engines, that let you supply your own companys users with announcements, alerts, and news items. In fact, any type of document - for example, a C.I. report - can be pushed to the appropriate users. Information from outside sources or from the companys internal database may be used. Knowledge managers within the organization can set up specifics for searches, and push internal communications to the desktops of their employees.Many software companies are working on intranet push services. Wayfarer Communications Incisa software creates a small square window in the top corner of a users screen to display its push alert information. Verity, a leading maker of search engine software for corporate intranets, offers an intranet push client called Intelliserv, which runs on Windows NT servers and can be used to deliver information to internal users through their Webowser or email. Both Microsoft and Netscape, leaders in Internetowser software, are currently developing tools for businesses to use to create information-delivery channels for their corporate intranets.Intermind offers Intermind Communicator free from its Web site. The software can be used by C.I. professionals to publish customisable channels of multimedia content to anyone within the organization. End-user subscribers to the information channel simply select what information they want from a Web site or other data source and, when changes occur, they are notified and view multimedia content right inside theirowser or other application. There are 170 preset channels from which to choose, plus you can create your own.

7.5. Information Push Models

There are a number of different models for information push on the Internet

- oadcast model

Theoadcast model is also known as pure push. PointCast and other channel-oriented services are the best examples.

The user, installs a push client on the PC, selects the channels of information that interests the user, then sets the service in motion. The service will continuallyoadcast information to the users Webowser.

- Selective or automated pull model

Selective pull means the user subscribes to certain types of information, then specifies when that information is to be delivered. The service, once set in motion, is automated and will change only if the user requests it. Examples of this model are magazine and newspaper digests, commonly delivered weekly via email; company or industry newsletters, delivered on a regular publication schedule; and services such as Farcast in which the user subscribes to certain news sources and specifies how often they want them delivered.

- Distributed push/pull model

In the distributed push/pull model the service acts as aoker of information, notifying the end user when information on another Web site changes or is updated. Microsofts Internet Explorer offers this service.

- Interactive push

In the interactive push model the user can both receive and send information. List servers, for example, are e-mail based discussion groups devoted to specific topics. Users subscribe to the list and become members of it. Members send messages to the list server which then redistributes the message to each member. Replies will automatically be sent to everyone on the list.

- Customized pull

Newspage is an example of a service that works on the customized pull model. At the Newspage Web site the user may specify information they wish to monitor, and Newspage will construct a customized home page for the user.

7.5.4 The Development of Push

With the rapid growth of the World Wide Web content providers face stiff competition for audience. Todays researcher who uses the Internet has an estimated 100 million sources of information from which to choose. Information publishers are increasingly using push technology as a competitive tactic.

PointCast was the first information push service, a combination news delivery, advertising medium, and screen saver which users download and install on their PC. In within a few months that PointCast was released, it was being used by over a million people.

A serious problem with using push clients is that they require a great deal of bandwidth because they are continuously sending large volumes of information to each users desktop. In an office where too many PCs are online and using continuous information delivery services, other users sending email or downloading files may experience slower response due to network traffic jams. The makers of push clients have been alerted to this problem and future versions of software promise to reduce their impact on the system by staggering information delivery.

Information delivered through the PointCast network arrives at the users desktop in theirowser in the form of headlines and summaries. Users may then click on an item to view the full text. Its push in the sense that selected information is delivered directly, however, its still up to the user to scan the incoming data for articles of interest, which can then be saved to the hard disk.

8. Conclusion

Despite technology-driven advances, one thing hasnt changed; information professionals are still the ultimate intelligent agents for their organizations and, fittingly, their strategic role is growing. More and more, professional researchers are employing technologies to improve productivity and ensure timeliness, accuracy and depth of content.

By improving push distribution technology, information professionals can spend less time with searching and more time increasing their effectiveness and value within their organizations.

The technology around types of software to push the information will just get better and better, especially in the area of Financial information.

The key to Push Technology still lies with the Digital Divide and it is not a cure for the information overload, but it will help the user to use the Internet and the World Wide Web even more efficiently. When a user is satisfied with the search results, that user will come back next time, assure that the correct information will be given in a short period of time.

Handled properly, push technology can become one of the information professionals most valuable tools together with selective dissemination of information.

. References

Arnold, S.E. & Arnold, E.S. 17. Push technology driving traditional online into a corner. Database. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.onlineinc.com/database/AugDB7/arnold8.html

Barry, E. 00. CNN Launches Newswatch. [Online], Available WWW http//cnn.com

Berghell, H. 1. Cyberowsing information customisations on the Web. Journal of the American Society of Information Science 50(6)505-51.

CompInfo. 00. CompInfo The computer information Centre. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.compinfo-center.com/tpagnt-t.htm

Choo, C.W., Detlor, B and Turnbull, D. 000. Web work information and seeking knowledge work on the World Wide Web. Boston Kluwer.

Cullen, R. 001. Addressing the digital divide. Online information review 5(5)11-0. Digital http//general.rau.ac.za/liary/bibweb/HTML/index1.htm to access Emerald.

DeCandido G. (1) Push technology pushed to theink. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.pla.org/technotes/push.html

Edmunds, A. & Morris, A. 000. The problem of information overload in business organisations a review of the literature. International journal of information management 017-8.

Graef, Jean. Using the Internet for Competitive Intelligence from the [Online] Available WWW http//www.montague.com/le/cio.html

Guenther, K. 00. What is Push Technology? [Online] Available WWW http//www.darwinmag.com/learn/curve/column.html?ArticleID=4

Gustitus, C. 17. The Push is on. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.sla.org/pubs/serial/io/18/jan8/push.html

Notess, G.R. Internet current awarenss. Online ()75-78.

Reuters. 17. The Reuters guide to good information strategy. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.reuters.com/rbb/research/gisframe.htm

Staneck, W.R. 17. Pushing the envelope with push technology. PC Magazine Online. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.zdnet.com/pcmag/issues/1616/pcmg00.htm

Stanley, T. 18. Push technology shortcutting the information maze. Online & CD-ROM review () 5-7. (Liary)

Wyle, M.F. 16. Selective Dissemination. [Online]. Available WWW http//www.wyle.org/~mfw/diss/node4.html

10. Appendix

News Release

For Release June 5, 00

CNN Launches NewswatchOnline Service Powered by Infogate to Provide Personalized News to Users

CNN today announces the launch of Newswatch, a personal news service designed to provide Internet-based desktop access to news tailored to the interests and needs of users. Powered by San Diego-based Infogate, the subscription-based service displays continuously updated information related to news topics selected by the user. The information is received through full-screen visuals,eaking news alerts and a continuously scrolling ticker across the top of the screen, and can be routed to the users desktop, e-mail or mobile device. CNN Newswatch provides a timely, comprehensive and personalized news and information experience to our users, said Mitch Gelman, senior vice president and executive producer of CNN.com. CNN Newswatch is another example of our efforts to provide news and information to users in whatever way is most convenient to them. We are honored to have CNN as one of our first partners and proud to be working with the worlds leader in television news, said Clifford T. Boro, CEO and chairman of Infogate. We think there is a great unmet demand for a service like Newswatch. The heart of the service is the SmartScreenTM, a full-screen interactive news interface filled with photos, headlines, personalized alerts, stock charts and other user-selected information. News is gathered from CNN, the leading news wires and more than ,000 regional, national and world news sites. Infogate empowers leading media companies to leverage their online investments,and equity and customer base by creating exceptional subscription-based personalized information services. The companys patented technology enables users to read, view and interact with carefully filtered news and information using a persistent desktop ticker, interactive screensaver, mobile devices and email. Founded in 14, Infogate is primarily backed by CitiGroup (NYSEC), idealab! and the Trump Group. The company is headquartered in San Diego and has a sales office in New York City. CNN, a division of Turneroadcasting System, Inc., an AOL Time Warner Company, is one of the worlds most respected and trusted sources for news and information. Its reach extends to 15 cable and satellite television networks; three private place-based networks; two radio networks; wireless devices around the world; 1 Web sites, including CNN.com, the first major news and information Web site; and CNN Newsource, the worlds most extensively syndicated news service.

Please note that this sample paper on SDI is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on SDI, we are here to assist you. persuasive essay on SDI will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

media cross-ownership laws in Australia

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on media cross-ownership laws in Australia. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality media cross-ownership laws in Australia paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in media cross-ownership laws in Australia, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your media cross-ownership laws in Australia paper at affordable prices! Discuss the free speech justifications for cross-media ownership laws in Australia and consider whether these laws are relevant in the age of increasingly diverse media sources. Consider the arguments for and against the current proposals for reform.

When Paul Keating made his famous remark about restricting media barons power so they could only be Queens of the screen or Princes of Print, he was referring to the division of power under law that would make sure no-one media conglomerate could own both a newspaper and a television station in the one city. The emergence of a liberal government and changing societal structures has seen the debate about media cross-ownership raise its head again as parliament sees a proposal that would allow ownership across mediums. Proponents for the bill argue that free speech justifications are nonsensical in the age of increasingly diverse media sources, however those against the bill worry that it will create a monopoly and lead to an undesirable concentration of power in the hands of elites.

The year Paul Keating uttered those fateful words, the landscape of media ownership was seemingly transformed. Since that time however, the powerful media moguls and organizations have sought to instigate a change in the media cross-ownership laws that would lift restrictions. In Australia, the three major media stakeholders are Kerry Packer, Rupert Murdoch with News Limited and the Fairfax Group (Pilger 18). These three singular conglomerates combined, together produce the majority of media output in Australia. They form over 80% of magazines, newspapers and television that the public watch and therefore have a huge impact on shaping public opinion (Ward 17).

The proposed legislation that is being put forward by Communications Minister Senator Richard Alston would allow media moguls to be able to move across mediums and own both newspapers and television stations in the same city. This would allow Fairfax, and the Murdoch empire whose ownership of Australias papers has grown from one third to two-thirds of all papers in the last fifteen years to move into television, as well as allow Channel Seven head Kerry Stokes and Channel Nines Kerry Packer to pursue its ambitions in other mediums (Media Watch 0/06/0). However Senator Alston justifies this by arguing that changing the media laws would allow for progress and advancement for media companies, avoiding unnecessary cost-cutting even claiming it is even necessary for a healthy democracy

Quite clearly what you dont want are Australian media companies shrinking and cost cutting simply because they dont have the scope to expand and achieve economies of scale and scope that are available to other players. And if they caning in foreign capital and expertise then I think thats a benefit as well. A healthy and dynamic media sector is very much in the interests of ordinary Australians and of course so much has changed since these rules were introduced for blatantly political purposes by Paul Keating some fifteen years ago

- Insiders, 8 July 00 (Media watch /6/0)

Some analysts however, believe that the relaxing of media laws would lead to a "free-for-all" situation, a media bidding war, with the most powerful players outbidding all to create a hegemony, creating a level of concentrated power at the apex of our communication systems that will see a greater homogenisation of opinions and viewpoints (Ward 17). The heightened concentration of power in communication industries, in the hands of elites, already sees the increasingly compromised integrity of our media. This can be seen as a result of the commodification of information which limit the medias ability to provide meaningful forms of discourse and the transformation of information and news as big business (Osborne 15). Increasingly diluted by corporate imperatives information mediums have morphed into industries that treat community members as consumers (Bacon 18). As Wendy Bacon comments in Fatter profits and thinner stories as granny goes to market, the philosophy of those who control media conglomerates is to increase profits and in this way the marketplace of ideas is no different from any other marketplace. This has seen an increasingly blurring of advertising and editorial content and dumbing down of material (Bacon 18). By allowing these laws to pass, opponents of the bill believe that such a situation will only worsen, with the imperatives of big business and profit taking over and infiltrating the news, at the expense of free speech and editorial independence.

This would see a situation where media conglomerates exercise vast control by determining what does and does not make it on the front page or the news (Wheeler 17). This marketplace would often resort to manipulating and manufacturing issues to play to the highest common denominator, and supporting and advocating the interests and companies of its owners or both (Bacon 18). As journalist Joanne Applegate once commentated Everywhere, journalists walk a daily tightrope towards their deadline, with news as news on one side and news as entertainment on the other. Its always been a delicate balancing act. But, because news, like the movies is a business that has to sell, the sirens on entertainment on the rocks below call ever more shrilly. In this way the major media and communication outlets would become increasingly commercialised and do anything to cement itself as the most effective tool for social control or influence for the masses (Wheeler 17).

Many argue that free speech justifications for media-cross ownership laws are irrelevant in an age of increasingly diverse media sources. As Senator Alston argued

Youve got the ABC. Youve got Pay TV. Youve got extensive rollouts of SBS. Youve got Internet websites galore. So theres a plethora of new information sources out there. We ought to recognise that these sorts of changes and permutations are going to occur in the marketplace, try and facilitate them with an eye to the public interest.

- Sunday, 1 April 00 (Media Watch 0/06/0)

However what can be seen with these alternative sources is that they are increasingly compromised by financial imperatives and governmental pressure, (especially in the case of the ABC). Pay TV also has failed to make any kind of lasting impact on the general audience. The major media players rule the roost and this can be exemplified by their huge circulation

Fairfax

· 1.4 per cent of the capital city and national newspaper market;

· .8 per cent of the Sunday newspaper market.

· 18.1 per cent of the suburban newspaper market.

· 15.4 per cent of the regional newspaper market.

Channel Seven

Kerry Stokes as Chairman of Seven Network Ltd has an audience share of around 7.1 per cent, through his ownership of five metropolitan and one regional television licenses.

Channel Nine

Kerry Packers Public andoadcasting Limited, which owns Channel Nine and the Australian Consolidated press, has a combined audience share of 51.5 per cent of the viewing population and 41.5 per cent share of magazine circulation. Packers PBL owns over 65 magazines, and three metropolitan and one regional television stations. It also has a considerable stake in Pay TV owning per cent of Sky News, 5 per cent of Foxtel.

News limited

· 67.8 per cent of the capital city and national newspaper market

· 76.1 per cent of the Sunday newspaper market

· 46.6 per cent of the suburban newspaper market

· .4 per cent of the regional newspaper market

(Figures from the Department of the Parliamentary Liary http//www.aph.gov.au/liary/intguide/sp/media_regulations.htm)

Thus what can be seen is that although diverse and alternative sources of information are available and exist, both on the internet and independent publications, they only work as a bandaid (Media Watch 0/06/0). They can not be an effective antidote to the barrage of mainstream homogenous press, they can in no way compensate for the huge circulation and power that the mainstream press, newspaper and television exercise over the hearts and minds of the general populace.

So in spite of the fact that alternative sources of information are flourishing as thousands of people flock away from traditional sources of information, exasperated as they are by the more and more blatant propaganda and lack of transparency from the major news sources, the circulations of these major media players are still incomparable, and alternative sources dwarf in comparison to these monoliths (Ward 17). Thus while diverse media exists, i.e. the al-Jazeera network, Green left Weekly, and crikey.com to mention a few, they do not provide any real threat or challenge to the major media players, ratings, revenue or power and are merely bumps in the road to what will be complete hegemony of the media landscape if the proposed media law changes take place (Pilger 18).

Similarly proponents foreaking down media constrictions argue that plurality of opinions is more important than the qualms of ownership. As Senator Alston stated in 17

diversity of opinion is more important than diversity of ownership.

Australian Financial Review 1 March 17(Media Watch /6/0)

However when pressed to describe how this editorial independence can be maintained in the face of a single ownership situation, Alston was evasive arguing separate newsrooms was enough to ensure balanced reporting.

What were saying is youve simply got to ensure that you have a separate process for doing it (each newsroom). That doesnt tell you what news items to pick or what order to put them in or what emphasis to give them. Its simply saying if you own both a television and a radio station then you dont want a single point of news selection.

- Lateline, May 000 (Media watch /6/0)

However to what extent this ideal situation can be maintained is debateable. Opponents of the bill argue that monopoly of ownership will necessarily lead to monopoly in opinions, pointing to the coverage of major world events- like the war in Iraq by Rupert Murdochs papers. This major world event in which a diversity of opinion and balanced and fair reporting would be essential was a crucial test case and some believe a premonition of things to come if the laws are passed. The war saw all 17 of Murdochs worldwide papers all fervently and zealously pro-war …singing from the same hymn sheet…none… has dared croon the anti-war tune. Their masters voice has never been questioned.

- Guardian, 17 Feuary 00 (Media watch /06/0)

Therefore the honesty and transparency that should be essential elements of communication mediums- if they are to be responsible for providing a forum for informed and thinking community will be thouroughly compromised. The result will be a public that is and will continue to be misled and disillusioned with what they see as an increasing spread of distortion, bias and inaccuracy in the print media (Ward 17). Already, historically there is a widespread apathy and weariness of journalists and journalism in general among Australians that does not need to be documented. Ironically this very apathy combines to create the very self-regulatory and laissez-faire environment of media and its owners that leads to the publics desire for greater censorship and regulatory controls (Keane 11). This would be favourable, unless it wasnt misdirected against the media as opposed to the conduct of the medias owners. This all combines to make Australians more vulnerable and susceptible to the goals and aspirations of those in power (Wilcox 001).

The urgent need now is for tightening of restrictions, and for a greater transparency across all communication mediums. This would of course be an impossible task, however this task has not even been attempted with any great strength (Wilcox 001). Journalists, the very people whom the public relies on to keep informed of the issues, especially in this landmark legal drama that could see the transformation of the media landscape, are themselves bound. They are put in the difficult position of arguing a position in a paper, which is against the imperatives of the papers owner. In this way owners of huge media conglomerates can dictate the issues that are put on the public agenda and have a terrifying amount of power over the general populace (Osborne 15). The debate, or lack of debate on this crucial issue has been revealing, if not disquietening, and only serves as a glimmer of the future, if the laws pass, which will see the increasing control of ideas and silencing of critics which go against the imperatives of their bosses.

One thing is certain that as we become a more media-driven world and increasingly look to the media to decide who to elect, what to buy and know whats going on in the world- Media and communication mediums will continue to grow. That is why this debate about media laws is crucial for the continued health of democracy and free speech in this country. If the laws pass, it will only see a continued slide down a slippery slope of news as farce and the construction of those in power. The control of the industry of information and opinion is one which is most sought after and valuable powers, thus the right to use and run it must be judiciously guarded This is particularly important with the rise of democracy in western countries, as favour over the hearts and minds of the populace become increasingly important to those in power.

Bibliography

Books

· Pilger, J. 18, Hidden Agendas, Random House, London, UK.

· Ward, I. 17, Politics of the media Ownership and Control, Ch.6, Macmillan, Australia

· Wheeler, Mark.C 17, Politics and the mass media, Camidge, Massachusetts Blackwell Publishers

Journals

· Wilcox, Peter 001, Newpapers and the terrorism war; news priorities, public duty and the bottom line, Australian Journalism Review, vol. , no., December pp.7-0

Articles

· News? Thats Entertainment, Walk ley Magazine, July 18

· Bacon, Wendy, Fatter profits and thinner stories as granny goes to market, Reportage, 18

Websites

· Media Watch, Media Diversity, 0/06/0, http//www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s8706.htm, last accessed 0/06/0

· Department of the Parliamentary liary, http//www.aph.gov.au/liary/intguide/sp/media_regulations.htm, last accessed 07/06/0

Please note that this sample paper on media cross-ownership laws in Australia is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on media cross-ownership laws in Australia, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on media cross-ownership laws in Australia will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY paper at affordable prices! The term bowl is thought to be derived from the Saxon bolla and the Danish bolle, both meaning, in the literal sense, "bubble." The word later referred to any round or spherical object. Some trace the to the Latin bulla or round ball, and others just prefer the French form of the word boule, meaning ball.

It didnt what you called it or how you played it, bowling has been around for a long while and I know that you dont want to hear about the ancient Egyptians and how they started it all, so I wont say anything about them. The process of throwing things at other things in the purpose of knocking the other things over has been an urge inside of man for many centuries.

In other studies, a man by the name of Dr. Malcom Rogers, who is the curator of the San Diego Museum, discovered an ancient bowling game as performed by the Polynesians, in which small elliptical balls, and round flat discs of stone, about four inches in diameter were used. The game was called "Ula Maika" and consisted of bowling or rolling the stone a distance of sixty feet, which is the length of our hardwood lanes today. I had the opportunity of living in the Pacific Island of Tahiti for a period of two years and in that time I came to know what everyone meant, when people talk about a third world country, I observed, organized and played in many of their lawn bowling games as described above and these games were great ways to make new friends and to become closer with the Polynesian culture. Many people participated in these games, and once in a rare while there were a couple of tempers being lost due to bad sportsmanship, but all in all, things usually were very well organized.

In America, the early Dutch settlersought a bowling type game with a set of nine pins instead of our ten, to Manhattan in 166. With this expansion as well as other from England who went to Virginia, bowling soon became very popular in New York, and a bowling lane was found on every block onoadway in the 1840s. oddly enough, most of the bowling matches that were played in New York were rigged for and in 1841 bowling was declared by law to be a gambling game and eventually the game was abolished in New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, and by 1850 gamblers and swindlers had complete control of the game of ninepins.

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Originally the game of ninepins had the pins in a diamond formation and had actually been condemned by the Puritans two hundred years earlier because men were devoting time to playing the game that could have been spent more constructively, like at work. Didnt they know that all work and no play makes people frustrated. However neither condemnation nor legislation could abolish enthusiasm for the game. So at that time ninepins had to be played secretly, and there were many sad bowlers who would sit in stocks or in prison for defying the law. This went on until one man decided to circumvent the law and change a few things, like adding one more pin and changing the formation from a diamond to a triangle and thus improved the game, and its growth began. By 1875 the game became so well established that a " National Bowling Association" was formed to revise the rules, and standardize the equipment. Unfortunately it failed to survive and the American Amateur Bowling Union replaced it in 180. It too died out and was replaced by the American Bowling Congress (ABC), whose objective was to help promote and evaluate the game. As a result of this association the ABC is the largest sports membership organization in the world.

The popularity of bowling took a dramatic turn with the introduction of the automatic pinsetting devices in 15 which made it a heck of a lot easier and faster to bowl even though the pin-boys were put out of a job. With the construction of large bowling centers complete with lounges, dining rooms, and even nurseries, bowling lost its infamous and unsavory "pool hall" association, to become one of the largest participation sports and one of the most popular forms of family recreation in the United States. From the fall of 10 to the spring of 11 more than 8 million people in the U.S. bowled at least on game, and another 6.7 million adults bowled in weekly leagues. Thirty-six per cent of bowlers are adult women, 4 per cent are adult men, and 0 per cent are youth between the ages of 5 to 17.

The skills needed to achieve an average performance in bowling and to enjoy taking part in the game are relatively easy to acquire. Less preparation and participation time is required for bowling than for many other sports. I know very well that this statement is easier said than done. Natural tendencies and urges to bowl a certain way need to be curbed to fully comprehend the easy technique, and then to put it to practice.

Bowling is also popular on the international scene with ten pins being played by over 110 million people in over 80 nations. In fact the worlds largest bowling hall, with 5 lanes, is the Tokyo World Lanes Bowling Center in Tokyo, Japan.

Bowling appeals o everyone, from the oldest man confined to a wheelchair to the smallest child who barely has enough strength to lift the ball,. That was one of the things that attracted me the most to the game, and that was that bowling doesnt discriminate against anyone, a lot of women were happy that they had a sport they could finally be equal to or even greater than the men who played it.

Please note that this sample paper on BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on BOWLING, AIEF HISTORY will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Beowulf and Spiderman

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Beowulf and Spiderman are two great heroes. I am going to compare and contrast them. Beowulf was a Viking hero and Spiderman is a modern day hero. Both have many similarities and many differences.

Beowulf has the strength of the thirty men. He is great with people including his enemies. He is an outstanding fighter and is very loyal to all who came into his presence. He is committed to doing what he has to do even if it means having to die, which in the end he does. Not like Spiderman , who doesnt die in his show. Spiderman also differs because unlike Beowulf he uses a body suite to disguise himself from the world around him. Beowulf on the other hand was know to everyone around him, he was very popular and had a good heart. Spidermans enemies are also mortal who are also disguised and Beowulfs enemy isnt.

Beowulf relies on his own hands to defeat the enemy. He hasute strength to rely on. Spiderman uses web, he captures them in it. Spiderman and his people have devises that help them get around faster, like things to fly on. Beowulf and his people had to rely on there feet and horses to get them around.

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Beowulf had to overcome Grendels killing of Hrothgars men by fending Grendel with hisute strength but dies by a fireeathing dragon. Spiderman on the other hand defeats his enemy by killing him with some sort of weapon. And he does it to save New York.

Beowulf was an old epic poem written long ago so they only had swords, knifes, and there bare hands to fight with. Now heroes have lots of different kinds of weapons to use and many different things to get them around, so its a little easier. But what stays the same is their eagerness to fight and win the battle of good and evil. They wont stop at no cost. So I guess things will change but the views of right and wrong to people will stay the same.

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Frankenstein

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Frankenstein. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Frankenstein paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Frankenstein, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Frankenstein paper at affordable prices! I am Victor Frankenstein and this is Mary Shelleys Frankenstein from my point of view. My story has information through out the book, up to page 6, where I read too.

I was born in Naples, after my parents visited France and Germany. For 5 years I was an only child, but my mother was determined to have a girl. While in Italy my mother had come across a little girl, which stood out far beyond the rest. A peasant woman, had noticed my mother, and told her the girls past. My father agreed that the young girl, Elizabeth Lavenza, could become a part of our family.

I was seventeen when I left Geneva to go to Ingolstadt, to attend a university. Elizabeth had then caught scarlet fever. My mother had caught it after nursing her to health and diedusquely. Before she died, she begs me and Elizabeth to marry. I left for Ingolstadt weeks after.

At the university, I attended a chemistry lecture by a professor named Waldman. After the lecture I met with the professor, he convinced me to follow the study of science. College papers on Frankenstein I grew mostly in the direction of Anatomy and how the body dies. After studying as far as I could, something interested me the most, build a creature.

After working so hard to build my creature, I finally completed it. I was horrified by the scene of my monster, I ran into my bedroom, to escape the repulsive image of him. All I could do was have nightmares, I dreamt of kissing Elizabeth, but it turned into my mothers dead body. After my attempt to escape the monster by sleeping, I awoke to him with a grotesque smile while staring at me, coldly. I ran out, all I could do was pace all night, avoiding every cost to return to my apartment.

I returned to my apartment, I fell ill with a nervous fever, my friend Henry Clerval, nursed me back to health and when I recovered, he gave me a letter from Elizabeth. Elizabeth expressed her anxieties about my fallen illness, I then decided to return to Geneva.

I received a letter from my father, myother William was murdered. I was shocked and sick, I left Geneva. It was night, and I was walking in the forest, where myothers body was found, I saw him, the monster. He killed myother, I knew he is responsible. The next morning I returned to my home in Geneva, and learned, Justine had been the suspected of the crime. I refused to reveal the truth about my monster, fearing the outcome of everyones perception of my sanity.

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