AA Meeting

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The famous "Twelve Steps" of AA express the philosophy and recovery process of this international association. Offering hope of recovery from alcoholism is an essential feature of Alcoholics Anonymous. Such hope is provided by example and supportive interrelationships with other members of this self-help fellowship.

Each person is expected to become involved with the Twelve Steps of AA, an ongoing process that "twelve-steppers" refer to as "working the Program…" The word "alcohol" appears only in the first step. This one reference underscores AAs belief that the main work in recovery is a restructuring of the alcoholics life.

The Twelve Traditions of AA are the operational principles of the fellowship and express the importance and significance of the group in relationship to its members, nonmembers, and society in general.

Online essay help on AA Meeting Group Size

This group looks pretty big. There were about 50 people.

Agency Purpose

Alcoholics Anonymous is one of the most successful approaches in recovery from alcoholism. AA is a fellowship of problem drinkers who want help in maintaining soiety. The agencys purpose is to help alcoholics to quit drinking. When they gather together, they help each other to quit drinking. They share their experiences with each other and they learn through their experiences. When they hear different stories on how bad alcohol can make you look, then they understand that there is no purpose for using alcohol. What the agency does is that they let everybody gather together and share their own experiences.

Source of Clients

Source of clients can be from court orders, doctor referrals, counseling or just being tired of self abuse.

Cost of Clients

This program is completely free and available to everybody.

How is Program Funded?

Its a self-supported organization which works through donations.

Program Methodology

This program is developed on these twelve steps

1. We admitted we were powerless over alcohol-that our lives had become unmanageable.

. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.

. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we Understood Him.

4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.

5. Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.

6. Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.

7. Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.

8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all.

. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.

10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it.

11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out.

1. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics and to practice these principles in all our affairs.

Program Success

There were about 50 folks who succeeded in this program. They were sharing their happy moments on how this program helped them out.

Other Information

Founded in 15 by two alcoholics who were unable to achieve an alcohol-free lifestyle individually, AA began when these two joined together to stay sober through mutual support. Voluntary membership involves an emotional commitment that the alcoholic is powerless over the control of alcohol and that only "a power greater than the self" �AAs concept of God as we understand him-can restore soundness of mind.

I think its a great program that helps people to quit drinking. I am glad that the AA meeting is available for everyone and its available for free.

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The Tragedy Of Othello

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Tragedy Of Othello. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Tragedy Of Othello paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Tragedy Of Othello, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Tragedy Of Othello paper at affordable prices! English essay

The tragedy of OTHELLO derives from century-old traditions of tragic drama. Discuss

Tragic dramas have been written and performed for many centuries and throughout this time, they have undergone an evolutionary process, with each successive era of tragic drama deriving directly or indirectly from its predecessors. Scholars believe that the play Othello by William Shakespeare was first published in 160; approximately at the same time as Shakespeares other great tragedies Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear. After careful analysis of each of these four great tragedies, we can conclude that Shakespeare has maintained a template for tragedy throughout these works, more specifically a backbone plot to which he can add different characters and themes to create tragic dramas dealing with entirely different issues. By examining Shakespeares template for tragedy, we begin to notice similarities with past templates for tragedy, examples of which include the Aristotle, Seneca and Christian Morality templates. Each of which will be looked at in detail shortly to analyse how they have influenced the production of the play Othello. To relate Othello to the template for Shakespearean tragedy and other older forms of tragedy, firstly we must deconstruct Shakespeares template for tragedy and compare the characters and plot lines presented in Othello to those fitting the template. Subsequently we must decide to what extent its components are similar to those seen in other forms of tragedy and hence to what extent previous templates have influenced the creation of Shakespeares masterpieces.

The Shakespearean template for tragedy is a set of guidelines to which the great four tragedies are loosely based upon, and as will be seen, Othello is an excellent example of this. The tragic characteristic that Shakespeare sees in life is the imperfection of the human psyche, and the adverse consequences of the exploitation of flaws. Shakespeare incorporates this theme heavily into his template for tragedy, so much so, that each of his great tragedies center entirely around the downfall of a protagonist from a position of nobility and high status. In all cases, the exploitation of the tragic heros fatal flaw, leads to a downward spiral in the characters sanity and morality, always leading to death. The hero must always start high in that he must have high moral values, be good natured and is of a high position in society. During the course of the play, there is a conflict often involving the villain, causing the surfacing of the heros fatal flaw. This unbalance in the heros character always leads to the hero commits mainly heinous acts of violence towards people close and important to him, often while in a state of delusion or frenzy. Just prior to the death of the hero, there is a Catharsis, in which the hero gains insight into all the harm and suffering he has caused. He realizes at this point that his fatal flaw has lead to his fall from grace and that he must now end his own life to cease any further suffering and pain. After a simple analysis of the plot and characters in Othello, each of these features can be seen. It is quite apparent that Othello starts off as a noble and great man. Not only was he a General in the army, but he was also greatly respected and admired in the community. He was often referred to as "The Valiant Moor" or "Valiant Othello" by many of his colleagues and even men who were not particularly fond of him, but to understand his true greatness we must look at Iagos words; "The Moor (howbeit that I endure him not) Is of a constant, loving, noble nature". The importance of this quote is further emphasized as we see Iago constantly repeating the words "I hate the Moor". We see that despite Iagos hatred towards Othello, he cannot deny that Othello is of great nobility and honour. This proves that Othello, started very high despite his eventual downfall. Next, we witness the manipulation of Othellos fatal flaw; jealousy. Iago tempts Othello into thinking bad of his wife, and despite Othellos best efforts, his uncontrollable jealousy overwhelms him. Act III Scene III is often regarded as the conflict scene as it is the scene in which Iago tempts Othello, that is, the first step in Othellos eventual downfall. During this scene, Othello states "I do not think but Desdemonas honest", but in a matter of fifty lines, the effect of Iago deviousness is revealed. Othello exclaims "Shes gone. I am abusd, and my relief Must be to loathe her". It is after this scene that the downfall of Othello occurs. His jealousy begins to overwhelm him, and even though his demands "ocular proof, he accepts a simple misplaced handkerchief as proof of Desdemonas waning honesty. He subsequently commits many monstrous acts, the worst of which is killing Desdemona, his beloved wife. After this deed, he realizes that he was deceived by Iago and repents all his wrong doings, namely the Catharsis of the play. As the play comes to a close, Othello takes his own life, as a sign of penitence, a true sign of a tragic hero. As can be seen, Othello is an excellent example of a play following the Shakespearean template for tragedy, but to find out its true roots, we must also look at earlier forms of tragedy. College papers on The Tragedy Of Othello Firstly, we can look at Aristotles template for tragedy. Tragic dramas under the Aristotle tragedy were not necessarily written by Aristotle himself, but rather they were analysed and accepted as fitting the guidelines of tragedy in accordance to Aristotle theories. Aristotle believed that tragic dramas must involve cause-and-effect chains. This can be interpreted as saying that tragic dramas must envision the consequences of a particular action or behaviour, and in addition must not be episodic, but rather a linear progression of events. Aristotle also believed that protagonist have a Hamartia, which in modern times has been translated to tragic flaw or mistake. Hence, the ideal tragedy will comprise of the downfall of the hero due to a mistake or flaw in his character rather than being evil or sinful. Lastly, a Catharsis occurs at the end of the play in which there is a purification of the central characters errors. Although it is debatable to whether Shakespeare was aware of these older forms of tragic drama, it can be easily argued that the tragedy of Othello derives directly or indirectly from the traditions and principles laid down by older forms of tragic drama. The main evidence of this is the closeness to which Shakespeares template for tragedy parallels that of Aristotles. As can be seen, both Shakespeare and Aristotle both rely heavily upon the exploitation of a heros fatal flaw to be the major source of conflict in a drama. In addition the play Othello follows closely to features of Aristotles tragedy that are not specifically stated as part of Shakespeares tragedy. An example of this is the cause-and-effect visualization presented. The play Othello shows the consequences of an action or event, as Othello chooses to believe Iagos mistrustful words over his own better judgment, thus resulting in his eventual downfall. As can be seen Othello closely resembles traditions of much older forms of tragic drama. For further proof of this, we can look at Senecan tragedy.

Seneca was a Roman philosopher, who wrote about the abundance of evil in the world and it manifestations. Typically, a Senecan Tragedy begins with a Could of Evil, but eventually ends in the defeat of this evil. Seneca showed evil in many forms and often used supernatural themes and gruesome forms of death as a form a dramatization. Othello can be analysed to correlate with Senecan tragedy, through the evil in the play; Iago. Even from the beginning, the audience sees Iago as a scheming villain. He states "I am not what I am" indicating he is simply putting on a façade to Othello, when the reality is that he is only seeking a means to fulfill his own desires. At this point, the audience instantly predicts the evil that Iago is likely toing to the play. Throughout the course of the play, Iagos presence is felt as he constantly tempts and coaxes Othello into believing Desdemonas infidelity. By the end of the play, Iagos death signifies the end of evil and more specifically the triumph of good over evil. As can be seen, through the use of evil as a means of conflict, Othello corresponds to the Senecan template for tragedy. Supplementary to this, the handkerchief if often seen as a means of conveying supernatural themes. The mysteriousness of its placement was often regarded as a possibility to Shakespearean audiences, who believed much more strongly in the mystical powers than modern audiences. It must also be mentioned that Othello does not completely follow Senecan tragedy as there is no torture or extremely violent acts, and hence Othello only follows Senecan tragedy to a certain extent.

Lastly, we must look at Christian Morality Plays, of which an example is the play Everyman. Christian Morality Plays were a major constituent of medieval drama, and were created to promote and teach the Christian doctrines. The aim of all Morality plays was to teach the audience the consequences of particular actions and more specifically show the consequences of wrong doings. To do this, the plays often consisted of characters who represented metaphorical characteristics favourable or unfavourable to humans, such as love and greed. Othello can be seen as following these principles in that it also teaches the consequences of wrong doing. The characters presented in Othello can also be seen as loosely representing particular virtues, such as Iago represents greed and evil whereas Desdemona represents love and honesty. In this case, Othello must decide to what extent he follows each character, therefore determining his course of actions. As seen in Morality plays, Othello chooses wrongly and faces the consequences of his actions. But eventually realizes his mistake and saves his soul by committing suicide. As can be seen, the play Othello derives from Christian Morality plays and therefore century-old traditions of tragic drama.

The play Othello was designed and written to fit the Shakespearean template for tragedy, but as seen has inevitably been derived from older forms of tragic drama. This is extremely evident in that the plot, characters and themes presented in Othello resonate the templates for older for of tragic drama. In conclusion it can be said that due to the large similarities between Shakespeares Othello and its predecessors, Othello itself derives not only from the Shakespearean template for tragedy but has also been influenced greatly by past instances of tragedy and tragic drama.

Please note that this sample paper on The Tragedy Of Othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Tragedy Of Othello, we are here to assist you. persuasive essay on The Tragedy Of Othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Detailed analysis of Ulysses

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Detailed analysis of Ulysses. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Detailed analysis of Ulysses paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Detailed analysis of Ulysses, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Detailed analysis of Ulysses paper at affordable prices with ! The poem Ulysses was published in 184.

School of poetry

The poem belongs to Romantic poetry.

Theme

The theme of the poem is about Ulysses¡¯ rebellion against conformity and the urge from him to strive in the world rather than to sit still.

Form

The poem is a dramatic monologue. It establishes an identifiable speaker who is quite distinct from the poet himself. The line form is the one usually used in epic poetry.

Rhyme scheme and rhythm

The poem is written in blank verse.

The blank verse is a form of verse which is written in iambic pentameter and is not rhymed which means we can separate one verse in 5 feet; unstress the first syllable of every foot and stress the second one.

Background of the poem

It is a poem based on Homer¡¯s Odyssey, which is the story of Ulysses and his journeys. Ulysses was King of Ithaca and leader of the Greek army. The Greeks sailed into Troy to fight what turned out to be a lengthy battle. After 10 years at war, Ulysses and the Greek army conquered Troy and set out on their voyage home. But the former King of Ithaca seemed to feel enough of the normal domestic life and have grown restless and bored.

The excerpt in our book is the concluding part of the poem. It reveals Ulysses¡¯ restlessness and determination to set out for new adventures, to end life heroically rather than in peaceful dullness.

Figurative language

To sail beyond the sunset. (line 7)

Sunset is a metaphor for death.

Allusion

Great Achilles (line 11) is one example of the allusion. Achilles is a famous Greek, slain by an arrow in the heel during the battle of Troy.

The author used the metaphor and allusion to show Ulysses is very optimistic about the death. But he cares which way to die, he rather chooses heroic way.

Allusion

Happy Isles (line 10) is another example of the allusion, which means the place where people just go after death.

The author used ¡°Happy Isles¡± to represent Ulysses¡¯ pursuit for freedom. Because if you died, you would feel no more stress, then reach the infinite freedom.

Diction

¡°Equal¡± (line 15) along with the repetition words ¡°we are, we are¡± in the previous line is the indication word of Ulysses¡¯ encouragement to his friends. Ulysses encourages us life is mysterious. As we continue to penetrate it, we will leave behind the former selves and reach the infinite potential. Ultimately, we will join in the equal spirit with Ulysses.

Parallel structure

The final verse of the poem ¡°To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.¡± is a parallel structure. It emphasizes Ulysses¡¯ decision for his future--- he will endlessly sail toward his large vague romantic mirage.

Please note that this sample paper on Detailed analysis of Ulysses is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Detailed analysis of Ulysses, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Detailed analysis of Ulysses will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

the HIV problem

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on the HIV problem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality the HIV problem paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in the HIV problem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your the HIV problem paper at affordable prices!

HIV is a big problem all around the world; however it is still becoming a bigger problem in developing and in third world countries, especially the African nations.

These nations have a considerable amount of problems in this particular sector because most of the people are very poor and dont have sufficient money toing up their family. They turn to the last resort, which is prostitution. They try and earn some easy money for their family. Also since they have large families, sadly the children end up doing it too or even worse they are even forced to sell their bodies.

The principal problem is that these people cant afford contraceptives or they dont have access to purchase them. In developed countries some types of contraceptives are given out free. The only problem is that these African nations are to poor to afford to distribute them freely and prevent the aids sickness.

Order essays on the HIV problem and other topics The aids sickness is trying to be cured by means of experimentation, however till now they havent really found a cure. Nonetheless t some medicines have been created, which helps this sickness. Furthermore a medicine has been developed that is used when a mother is having a child so that the aids virus will not be transmitted down to the child.

Unfortunately these nations do not have any access to the new medicines because they are too expensive to buy from these large pharmaceutical companies. However there are some companies who are trying to copy them and distribute them or sell them for half the price to the African nations, which are in desperate need for help.

Above all the only cure is prevention and education. The African people should be educated about the whole issue ,like this they will not continue practicing prostitution to earn some money or at least use contraceptives.

Furthermore these people have a right to education, thus they should be sent to school and learn how to make money in a different way than prostituting..

Please note that this sample paper on the HIV problem is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the HIV problem, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on the HIV problem will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Describing Atticus Finch

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Describing Atticus Finch. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Describing Atticus Finch paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Describing Atticus Finch, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Describing Atticus Finch paper at affordable prices! Descriptive

Describing Atticus Finch

Harper Lees "To Kill A Mocking Bird" is a classic interpretation of the Deep South in Alabama during the 160s. The authors book is one of intrigue, moral lessons, racial differences, and quaint old-fashioned traditions of the South. One of the most interesting characters which constantly appears to be in the middle of the exploits, is Atticus Finch. Atticus is the widowed father of two children struggling to raise them up in a time of conflict and oppression. It is most interesting how he manages to compartmentalize and at the same time blend his roles as father, community leader, and a lawyer.

Firstly, Atticuss role as a father is one he takes on with great interest and determination. His two children, Jeremy Finch (Jem), and Jean Louise Finch most of the time referred to as Scout, are well loved and yet disciplined. Heres an example "Atticus kept us in fits that evening, gravely reading columns of print about a man who sat on the flagpole"(). He also carried out discipline by insisting that Jem read to old Mrs. Dubose for punishment after Jem "cut the tops off of every camellia bush Mrs. Dubose owned"(10). Atticus, enforcing this form of discipline in this case, also teaches his children to be responsible for their actions. He is willing to listen to the childrens problems and encourages them to talk about them. Atticus wants his children to "hold their heads high and keep those fist down"(76) when the town is talking about him defending a Negro. He also encourages the children to "use their heads"(76) to think their way out of a problem. Continuously throughout the book the children are faced with dilemmas and childhood difficulties; and Atticus is always near to give advice, comfort, guide, and sometimes regulate to the childrens reaction of these dilemmas.Professional writers help on Describing Atticus Finch essays Secondly, Atticuss role as a community leader is something he approaches as though it is just something that needs to be done. It seems at times that he does not know how much of a leader he is, and his moral and ethical values that he stands up for just puts him into a position of a valued community leader. When their neighbor, Mrs. Radley dies, Atticus is there to see if he can do anything to help comfort the family. When Miss Maudies house caught on fire, he helped to carry out her belongings from the house. Then he stood by Miss Maudie till morning, comforting her while they watched her house burn. A mad dog threatened the town, and Atticus shot the dog to overcome the threat. Atticus was not proud at having to shoot the dog. This is Miss Maudies explanation to his children for his behavior "If your fathers anything, hes civilized in his heart. I guess he wouldnt shoot till he had to, and he had to today"(8). Atticus is a stable, mature and rational man. He is the type of man that little boys hope to become. Jem states in at the end of chapter ten "Atticus is a gentleman, just like me!"(). Jem is proud of the sort of man his father is and how the town sees him as a hero. Atticus stood alone in front of a mob that wanted to hang Tom Robinson, a Negro who was accused raping a white young lady. As a lawyer Atticus was defending Tom, but it wasnt because of his career that he faced the mob. He faced the mob because what they were planning to do went against all of his beliefs and ethics. Atticus is the voice of reason and calmness in this possibly explosive situation. His courage in the face of danger is another admirable trait that makes him a good role model for others and a good community leader.

Thirdly, Atticuss role as a lawyer is one of great importance to him and to the story. He is put in a difficult situation of defending a black man, who is accused of committing a crime against a white young lady, in a time when prejudice and racial hate crimes are prevalent. He was able to defend Tom Robinson solely on the basis of justice and does not allow the fact that Tom is Black to prejudice him against Toms case. He is one of the few people in the town of Maycomb who understands the individual worth of a person regardless of skin color. He seems to be able to handle the prejudices of the white masses and still deal justly with the disadvantaged Negro population. In chapter eleven Scout asks her father "You arent really a nigger-lover, then are you?"(108), and Atticus response is "I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody"(108). Atticus has no elusions about the trial. He is an optimist who hopes to win for Toms sake, but he is aware of the prejudices fighting against him. He tells Scout in chapter nine that he does not expect to win. Atticus states to Jem that courage is "when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what"(11). Even though Atticus loses the case, the blacks in the community leave food on his front porch. The black community realizes and appreciates what he was trying to do to help Tom.

In concluson, Atticus Finch is Harper Lees symbol of justice, stability, optimism, hope, and practicalities, in a time of prejudice, hate, and yet a simpler time of clear-cut rules. His character is well rounded with many different levels and roles blended masterfully together. He has traits in which we all hope to see in ourselves. He is what most strive to be and very few of us succeed in attaining. He is the positive in Harper Lees book where the injustice of racial hate is the negative aspect.

Please note that this sample paper on Describing Atticus Finch is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Describing Atticus Finch, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Describing Atticus Finch will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

chesapeake and puritan colonies

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on chesapeake and puritan colonies. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality chesapeake and puritan colonies paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in chesapeake and puritan colonies, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your chesapeake and puritan colonies paper at affordable prices! The Puritan and Chesapeake Colonies

The Puritan and Chesapeake colonies were populations who were vastly different, but also quite the same in many ways. Although the origins of both colonies lay in England, the differences between them surfaced and depicted distinctions as to why they left the motherland, their political ideologies, religion, family life, and even use of land.

The Puritans reasons for leaving England were centered upon one aspect; the need for religious freedom and escape from persecution. In the 150s, King Henry VIII turned to the Pope to have his marriage annulled from Catherine, who was not providing him with the male heir necessary to inherit the throne. Upon the Popes refusal to annul the marriage, the King became enraged and cut off all ties with the Catholic Church. He converted the current Church to the Church of England, or Anglican Church, appointing himself as the head of his new religious establishment. He annulled his own marriage, marrying another who would bare him the male heir he needed. His son, King Edward VI would take the throne in his place in 1548, but would die at the age of 5, leaving his half sister, Mary, to become Queen. Mary converted the Church of England back to Catholicism, enraging many who would then flee the area to Geneva. There, the many who felt it necessary to flee would be introduced to John Calvin and his doctrines. Calvin was a Protestant who had been exiled from England due to his firm and radical belief and following of the sixteenth century ideas and protests of Martin Luther, who had openly protested against the Catholic Church. The doctrines these people were introduced to preached that faith and faith alone, not good works,ought one to salvation, and that all were predestined to be saved or damned at their birth by God. When Queen Mary died, and was replaced by Elizabeth who restored the Anglican Church, those who had fled and learned of these new doctrines and ideas returned. These "Puritans" quickly became a powerful and growing group in English Parliament, their main goal not being to separate from, but "purify" the Church of England which had remained very Catholic in practice. When King James I took the throne in 160, he was angered by the power the Puritans had gained and put to use within the Church, and began to clamp down on their actions. His successor, King Charles I did the same, and upon his marriage to a Catholic woman, many feared he would convert the Church back to Catholicism. The Puritans felt threatened, and many opted to make the journey to the New World.

John Winthrop, a strong leader of the Puritans, would form the Massachusetts Bay Company and attain a charter from the King, making them a joint-stock company. Along with seventeen ships and over one thousand people, Winthrop arrived in Massachusetts in 160. They came prepared to settle in family units. Men, women, and children all came on the ships to the new world, some being clergy, others artisans, and some indentured servants, in a conscious effort toing success. While upon the lead ship of this journey, John Winthrop spoke to his people in a sermon in which he proclaimed their intentions for traveling far from home to this New World. He declared these intentions to be for the colonists to work live and pray together as a community, putting all self-interest aside in order to create a "city upon a hill" which would be the model and envy of the rest of the entire world. Professional writers help on chesapeake and puritan colonies essays Upon actual arrival in the New World, many of the original strict religious beliefs needed to be modified. This new landought many stresses of building stable communities, cultivating and finding food, the constant threat of Indian raids and many other difficulties. The doctrines which preached that faith and faith alone would save spread the idea that the arduous and relentless work that was day in and day out was not necessary. The religious clergy, having control due to the lack of separation between Church and State, woulding good works back into the doctrine, stating a persons good deeds would eventuallying them to salvation. The authority of these religious figures was challenged by many, and by 1650 only fifty percent of the Puritans that had come to Massachusetts were still practicing Church members. However, the communities within the colonies, although splitting, growing, and becoming more materialistic with dissent from the Church, remained. New Englanders grew diverse crops on their small family farms to both feed themselves and have a little surplus. This provided them with healthy diets, making the average lifespan in New England greater than in England itself. New Englanders also made industry out of fishing, timber and shipbuilding, and fur trades, being a diverse economic people. Women were also participants in the society, owning taverns and general stores as well as serving as attorneys and midwives. The Puritans faicated themselves to be a religious, family oriented, economically diverse and educated people.

The settlers in the Chesapeake colonies came to the New World with much different intentions than those of the Puritans. They were not fleeing to escape discontent or persecution in their homeland, but rather for the economic gain for both the motherland and themselves. The English were rather late comers to the colonization efforts, the Spanish and French already being established in the New World. In 1607, however, King James proposed a charter for the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company as the Massachusetts Bay Company was. One-hundred and four Englishmen with profit and gold on their minds could not refuse the opportunity to travel to the New World with lands that promised of gold, riches and wealth. The company was comprised only of men along the first journey, many of whom were wealthy, and none of whom had crucial skills they would need in the New World such as the ability to work well with their hands. Of the one-hundred and four that arrived, only thirty-eight would survive the harsh winter thatought them into 1608 and more settlers would have to be sent over to secure success. The settlers were completely unprepared for the merciless conditions they met, including Indian raids, freezing winters, hot summers, and swamps infested with malaria carrying mosquitoes for which they had no defense against. Through malnutrition, starvation, disease, and danger the settlers searched and searched for gold, finding nothing. After spending two years along the James River in a settlement they called Jamestown, John Smith took charge, seeing the settlers had all but given up, and put them on a new work regimen. They were able to escape the devastation of the previous winter, but Smith became scorned by those home in England when he was the first to tell them there was no gold to be found in this new world. The winter of 160-1610 was ruthless. Being so little food, it was called the starving time. Of the 500 settlers that were now part of Jamestown, 60 were still alive in the spring, reports of cannibalism being stated from throughout those horrible winter months.

The Chesapeake colonies did not meet the New World on similar terms as the Puritans. They came, not to stay, but to find economic gain. They did not come with families to settle in communities, but as mostly a population of men in search for gold toing back to England. They had no religious beliefs to guide their work and community ethics as the Puritans. They faced harsh times of starving and winters that few survived, 40% of the Chesapeake settlers never living to see the age of 1, while in New England only 0% of the settlers did not see that age. However, although the Chesapeake was with what many would consider far more difficult and harsh hardships, they certainly were not without their successes. Upon the discovery of how the cultivation of the tobacco crop fruitfully thrived in the region, a road to success and riches was paved. This new "cash crop" met the "get rich quick" mentality of the settlers, whose ideas were mostly based on riches, not religion or family. These men had come for personal profit, not freedom, and now they had found it and were taking advantage of it. Tobacco soon became the Chesapeakes primary crop which it traded directly with England. The necessity and successful cultivation of the crop was a forerunner for the advancement in other industries, such as the slave trade. The trade depended heavily on the Chesapeake as a market, and the Chesapeake upon the slave trade, as it became dependant on cheap labor to work on the tobacco farms and plantations which were ever growing. The Puritan and Chesapeake became different in yet another manner; most of the Puritan population was English and white, while the Chesapeake held an enormous population of black people, working on plantations as slaves and servants.

Although both had the same original homeland, spoke the same language, and knew of the same places back home, it is hard to imagine the Puritan and Chesapeake colonists ever speaking of the same things. Although similar in many basic ways, both places were a very different people. Through just these drastic and readily evident differences, it is hard to easily paint the picture of the united nation which we are today.

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