Affirmative Action, Is It Really Fair?

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In his address to the people of Nashville Tennessee in 16, Martin Luther King Jr., said, "The image of God…is universally shared in equal portions by all men. There is no graded scale of essential worth. Every human being has etched in his personality the indelible stamp of the Creator… The worth of an individual does not lie in the measure of his intellect, his racial origin, or his social position. Human worth lies in relatedness to God Whenever this is recognized, whiteness and blackness pass away as determinants in a relationship and son andother are substituted." ( Washington 4).

Affirmative action is a government program that was designed to ensure that Blacks and other minorities enjoyed the same opportunities for promotions, salary increases, career advancement, school admissions, scholarships and financial aid that had been exclusively for whites. Some would argue that, this preferential treatment creates reverse discrimination and is harmful to our society. Even though affirmative action was designed to help Blacks and minorities, many view it as government sanctioned discrimination that should be eliminated.

Affirmative Action has outlived its usefulness. "For black people during the 160s there was a presumption of inferiority, affirmative action was the shock treatment to change our culture," says Ward Connerly, one of the architects of the CCRI (California Civil Rights Initiative). According to Connerly, America is no longer the inherently racist society it was in the days of Jim Crow. Statistics cited by Stephan and Abigail Thernstrom, authors of "America in Black and White One Nation, Indivisible," appear to back Connerlys notion that the situation for black Americans has vastly improved. According to the Thernstroms, 40 percent of black Americans now consider themselves members of the middle class. Forty-two percent own their own homes and almost a third of the black population lives in suburbia. (Grapes 6). Because the American dream is realizable for black people today, Ward Connerly argues that it is really hard to defend affirmative-action preferences. (Grapes 6). Affirmative action is harmful to our society because it promotes racial preferences. In order to establish a color-blind society, people should be judged on their abilities, not the color of their skin. The American people are now beginning a great debate over the use of race and gender preferences by federal, state, and local governments. In 16, a majority of voters in California, including percent of Blacks, approved the California Civil Rights Initiative prohibiting preferential treatment in public employment, education, and contracting. (Grapes). In a series of cases, the Supreme Court and federal courts of appeal have made it clear that the system of preference is built on a exceedingly shaky foundation. (Grapes). These cases establish that racial classifications are presumptively unconstitutional and will be permitted only in extraordinary circumstances. In the future, Congress is likely to consider legislation to end the use of race and gender preferences by the federal government.

Affirmative action programs really call for reverse discrimination (discrimination against white males). By granting special treatment to certain groups on the basis of race, affirmative action highlights racial distinctions and exacerbates racial conflict. As recently as November 16, white students with higher SAT/ACT scores and higher grade point averages were not admitted to the University of Texas, due to the color of their skin. (Graglia 47). No Black applicant to the University of Texas law school, for example, has ever been denied preferential admission or financial assistance on the grounds that he is not disadvantaged or, indeed, is advantaged. It has only been necessary, and quite sufficient, that the applicant be Black. Preferential admission to selective colleges and graduate schools is an exceptionally inappropriate way of helping the children of the underclass because it tells young blacks that they do not have to dedicate themselves to school as much as other students do.

Affirmative action harms the minority students because they are being placed in elite schools in order to promote diversity. (Canady 8). These students are capable of exceeding in other good colleges, however, they are failures at these high-pressure schools. Minority students who are placed in these colleges are failures because only exemplary students with exemplary test scores are able to succeed. Some blacks would argue that, the reason for the difference in test scores are due to poverty, low income, and poor living conditions. "In 15, the mean SAT score for black students nationwide from families making $50,000 or more was a mere 84 out of 1600. This must be compared with the mean score in 15 for white students from families earning $10,000 or less i.e., really no money- 86."(Newsweek 64). Important facts were left out concerning the declining enrollment of Blacks at the University of California at Berkeley. During the decade of the 180s, Berkeleys rapid increase in the number of Black students on campus did not compare with the number of Blacks actually graduating. (Sowell 51). At one point, the number of Black students graduating declined significantly, while the number of Blacks on campus increased. This is what happens when racial body count is more important than education. Now that affirmative action has ended, many Black students are seeking other colleges. For example, there has been an increase in the number of Black applicants who meet the admissions standards at the University of California at San Diego. (Sowell 51). Is it not more important to have these students go where they are more likely to graduate, rather than have them serve as temporary tokens just for the sake of "diversity?"

Although affirmative action programs were designed to help Blacks and minorities, is it really fair? There are laws in place that deals with equal opportunity for every citizen. Does every citizen in America have an opportunity for advancement? How effective are affirmative action programs when these programs move America away from the goal of achieving a color-blind society? How can one justify a program that promotes discrimination, racial preferences, and sexual bias? Affirmative action was meant as a temporary policy to redress those who felt discriminated against under Jim Crow laws. Furthermore, those who benefit from affirmative action today are granted preferential treatment "based not on past discrimination, but simply being born into a protected group." To continue using affirmative action policies would be unfair and unjust to those who are not members of protected groups."

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