Homeostasis

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Negative Feedback The process by which a change is minimized. (COMPENSATION).

• Cold temp. causes increased heat production. Thus body temperature is elevated.

• Dehydration causes increased thirst. Decreased urine volume. This causes the body to accumulate fluid. • Hypocalcemia causes Ca++ mobilization from bones. The increased plasma calcium corrects the hypocalcemia.

• Fall in blood pressure causes increased heart rate, force, increased blood volume. These all elevate blood pressure.

Positive Feedback (amplification) mechanisms.

o Blood clotting. Platelets release chemicals which attract more platelets and trigger them to release their chemicals.

o Birth process As infant moves along the birth canal, stretching tissues and stimulating stretch receptors, this causes release of oxytocin, which cause muscular contractions and moves the infant along birth canal, stimulating more receptors.

o Control of secretion of digestive juices.

Homeostasis and Control Systems

Homeostasis

• stabilization of internal conditions through action of various physiological systems

Control Systems

• Receptor - a system that senses a particular stimulus

• Controller - a system that produces a response to a stimulus

• Effector - a system that produces a particular response

• Control - producing a response to a stimulus in response to a stimulus

• Regulation - maintaining an internal condition within an specific range

Control and Regulation

• Negative Feedback - the response produced leads to a reduction in the stimulus and thus to a reduction in the response

• Positive Feedback - the response produced leads to an increase in the stimulus and thus to an increase in the response

• Autoregulation - automatic (local cellular) responses to a stimulus

• Extrinsic Regulation - integrated neural and endocrine responses to a stimulus

• Autonomic Responses

• Neural Control

• Endocrine Control

Example Regulation of Body Temperature

• if body temperature increases then body temperature decreases

• receptor - temperature receptors in central nervous system

• controller - hypothalmus ofain

• effector - autonomic nervous system

specific responses

• increased blood flow to skin

• increased sweating

Example Regulation of Blood Pressure

• if blood pressure decreases then blood pressure increases

• receptor - pressure receptors in blood vessels

• controller -ain stem and hypothalamus

• effector - autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

• specific responses

• increased rate and contraction force of heart

• increased constriction of blood vessels

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